Enhancement of photosynthesis and growth of tomato seedlings by forced ventilation within the canopy

A forced ventilation system that directs airflow upward or downward within a canopy was developed for plant culture in order to enhance photosynthesis and growth of the plant canopy. Tomato seedling canopies including the seedlings, growing medium, and a plastic tray were used for the experiments. In the upward and downward ventilation systems, air flows upward and downward, respectively, within the plant canopy; this is achieved by blowing and drawing air from holes (Ø 6 mm) made in plastic pipes positioned on the surface of the growing medium. A horizontal airflow system was used as a conventional system to compare the performance of the experimental ventilation systems. Using the upward and downward ventilation systems, the effects of air directions and air velocities on the CO₂ exchange rate of the tomato seedling canopy and the growth of the seedlings were compared with those observed using the conventional horizontal airflow system. The forced ventilation within the plant canopy enhanced the CO₂ exchange rate of the canopy and the dry masses of the seedlings by 1.4–1.5 and 1.2–1.3 times, respectively, as compared to the conventional horizontal airflow. When the leaf area index (LAI) increased from 1.2 to 2.4, there was only a 5% decrease in the CO₂ exchange rate per unit leaf area in the downward ventilation system, whereas there was a 20% decrease in the CO₂ exchange rate per leaf area in the horizontal airflow system. The coefficient of variation for the dry mass of the seedlings was higher in the downward system than in the other systems. These results demonstrate that forced ventilation within the canopy is an effective technique to enhance the gas exchange of the plant canopy and the consequent plant growth.     

南洞庭湖洲垸土壤中四种重金属的分布特征及污染状况评价

对南洞庭湖10个洲垸地点的土壤进行了4种重金属Cd、Pb、Cu、Sb含量的测定与分析,并运用地积累指数法对每种重金属的污染状况进行初步评价,结果表明,重金属Cd的污染普遍较为严重;重金属Pb未达到明显的污染水平;重金属Cu的污染程度虽较轻,但需控制其发展;重金属Sb在某些地点污染较严重,其分布规律呈现较强的不均衡性。     

北京PM_(2.5)污染特征的分析

对北京市2007年10月至2011年6月的大气PM2.5质量浓度进行了分析。结果表明:春季、冬季的PM2.5质量浓度高于夏季、秋季,其中2008年8～9月和2009年8月的浓度较低。气象条件(如沙尘暴)是造成春季PM2.5浓度高的主要原因,燃煤取暖是造成冬季浓度高的主要原因。对于环境空气质量标准(GB3095─2012)中的PM2.5标准值,若采取北京奥运期间的空气质量保障措施,则北京以及其他城市的PM2.5达标是可以实现的。     

我国PM2.5污染现状及来源解析研究

利用2013年我国各城市PM2.5浓度数据及查找大量文献,对我国细颗粒物的污染现状及重点城市细颗粒物来源解析工作进行了初步研究。结果发现,我国PM2.5浓度水平较高且空间差异较大,呈现明显的时空分布特征;PM2.5浓度高值区主要分布在华北平原、四川盆地、长三角地区,华北地区年均浓度在80μg/m3左右,各城市PM2.5浓度季节变化基本为冬季＆gt;春季＆gt;秋季＆gt;夏季;燃煤源、工业源、汽车尾气是对PM2.5有明显贡献的主要排放源类,机动车尾气对PM2.5贡献的大多在10%～30%。     

FlorTree: A unifying modelling framework for estimating the species-specific pollution removal by individual trees and shrubs

Atmospheric pollution is a threatening problem around the world, with tropospheric ozone (O₃), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and particulate matter (PM₁₀) among the most harmful pollutants for citizens’ health. Nature-based solutions such as urban trees can cut down air concentrations of these pollutants thanks to stomatal uptake and dry deposition on their canopies and, in addition, uptake carbon dioxide (CO₂) and store carbon in their tissues. Unfortunately, some species emit biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (bVOCs) that are O₃-precursors leading to air quality deterioration. As a proper selection of species is essential for urban greening, we developed an innovative single-tree model (FlorTree) to estimate the maximum flux of air pollutants. FlorTree considered species-specific parameters, such as tree morphology (height and crown leaf area), leaf/shoot structure, leaf habit (deciduous/evergreen) and eco-physiological responses to environmental factors, for 221 urban tree and shrub species. We applied the FlorTree model to examine i) which are the best species for air pollution removal in the case study of Florence (Italy) and ii) whether the species-specific removal performance is affected by different climate and air pollution conditions in other cities, namely Bucharest (Romania) and Tokyo (Japan). Results suggested that 24 tall trees (mainly broadleaves belonging to Tilia, Acer and Fraxinus genus) may be recommended for Florence due to their large crowns at maturity (50 years old), relatively high stomatal conductance and no bVOCs release. These general characteristics, however, were affected by climatic and pollutant conditions, suggesting that FlorTree must be applied to the local conditions. Therefore, our results demonstrated that FlorTree can be applied in any city for maximizing the air quality improvement by urban trees.     

抽穗至成熟期气温对弱春性小麦千粒重和不孕小穗率的影响

弱春性小麦品种的千粒重和不孕小穗率呈极显著的负相关.抽穗至成熟期间的适温范围是21～26℃.千粒重与抽穗至成熟天数呈极显著的正相关.在抽穗至成熟期间,千粒重与平均日均温呈负相关,与平均日最高温度呈极显著的负相关,而与平均昼夜温差呈极显著的正相关.     

Effect of acid rain on sandstone: The Royal Palace and the Riddarholm church,Stockholm

The deterioration of two kinds of sandstone is discussed for two 18:th century buildings in central Stockholm: the Royal Palace, and the Royal Carolean Burial Chapel (Karolinska gravkoret) annexed to the mediaeval Riddarholm church. The facades of calcitic Gotland sandstone show many signs of serious decay, such as gypsum formation, pulverized surface, exfoliation, discolouration, and salt efflorescence. The socles are built of the more resistant quartzitic Roslagen sandstone, displaying some discolouration, cracks, and slight exfoliation. In total about 300 samples have been analysed. The surface concentration of sulphur is highest at ground level and at rain-sheltered positions. Chemical and sulphur isotope data indicate that the stone decay to a large part may be attributed to anthropogenic sources like acid deposition and car traffic.     

天津于桥水库流域河流表层沉积物中碳· 氮· 磷分布及污染评价

对流域内33个河流表层沉积物样点的总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和磷形态含量进行了测定,分析了沉积物中碳、氮、磷含量的分布特征及三者之间的相关性,并对于桥水库流域河流表层沉积物进行污染现状评价。结果表明:于桥水库流域河流表层沉积物TOC平均含量为0.99%,TN平均含量为0.15%,TP平均含量为1 904.93 mg/kg。相关性分析表明,沉积物TOC与TN呈极显著正相关(R2=0.794),TOC与草地面积比例呈极显著正相关,R2为0.685;TN和草地面积比例呈显著正相关(R2=0.392);TP与各种土地利用类型的相关性均不明显,但OP和Fe/Al-P与城镇居民用地面积比例呈极显著正相关,R2分别为0.664和0.698,与林地面积比例呈显著负相关,R2分别为-0.472和-0.403。有机指数和有机氮评价结果显示,有48.5%的采样点有机指数处于Ⅰ类水平,有39.4%和48.5%样点有机氮处于Ⅲ和Ⅳ类污染水平,表明于桥水库流域河流表层沉积物有机指数整体处于尚清洁及以上水平,受到有机污染程度较小,而流域内的有机氮污染相对较为严重。     

Influence of tree crown characteristics on the local PM10 distribution inside an urban street canyon in Antwerp (Belgium): A model and experimental approach

Apart from influencing the amount of leaf-deposited particles, tree crown morphology will influence the local distribution of atmospheric particles. Nevertheless, tree crowns are often represented very rudimentary in three-dimensional air quality models. Therefore, the influence of tree crown representation on the local ambient PM₁₀ concentration and resulting leaf-deposited PM₁₀ mass was evaluated, using the three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model ENVI-met^® and ground-based LiDAR imaging. The modelled leaf-deposited PM₁₀ mass was compared to gravimetric results within three different particle size fractions (0.2–3, 3–10 and >10 μm), obtained at 20 locations within the tree crown. Modelling of the LiDAR-derived tree crown resulted in altered atmospheric PM₁₀ concentrations in the vicinity of the tree crown. Although this model study was limited to a single tree and model configuration, our results demonstrate that improving tree crown characteristics (shape, dimensions and LAD) affects the resulting local PM₁₀ distribution in ENVI-met. An accurate tree crown representation seems, therefore, of great importance when aiming at modelling the local PM distribution.     

东江湖水环境动态变化及评价

2006年3月至2007年1月对东江湖水质进行了监测和评价.结果表明,东江湖综合污染指数为0.45,水质总体良好,属于地表水的Ⅱ～Ⅲ类,但东江湖各断面水质在洪水前和洪水期差异显著;水质主要受控于重金属镉和总氮、总磷;东江湖周边氮磷污染源数多、面广、量大,洪水引起水体总磷、总氮迅速增大,水色变深,导致水体透明下降;东江湖现处于中营养水平.