Influence of tree crown characteristics on the local PM10 distribution inside an urban street canyon in Antwerp (Belgium): A model and experimental approach

Apart from influencing the amount of leaf-deposited particles, tree crown morphology will influence the local distribution of atmospheric particles. Nevertheless, tree crowns are often represented very rudimentary in three-dimensional air quality models. Therefore, the influence of tree crown representation on the local ambient PM₁₀ concentration and resulting leaf-deposited PM₁₀ mass was evaluated, using the three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model ENVI-met^® and ground-based LiDAR imaging. The modelled leaf-deposited PM₁₀ mass was compared to gravimetric results within three different particle size fractions (0.2–3, 3–10 and >10 μm), obtained at 20 locations within the tree crown. Modelling of the LiDAR-derived tree crown resulted in altered atmospheric PM₁₀ concentrations in the vicinity of the tree crown. Although this model study was limited to a single tree and model configuration, our results demonstrate that improving tree crown characteristics (shape, dimensions and LAD) affects the resulting local PM₁₀ distribution in ENVI-met. An accurate tree crown representation seems, therefore, of great importance when aiming at modelling the local PM distribution.     

麦草酸水解制取糠醛和纸浆的研究

提出一种采用稀硫酸水解，综合利用麦草、制取糠醛和纸浆的方法。通过对水解反应影响因素的探讨．发现较优 化的水解工艺条件为用酸量20％、时间180min、最高温度110℃、液比15洗浆废水和精馏后废水的污染负荷远低于常规碱法草浆厂废水的污染负荷，且低于GB3544-92规定的造纸工业废水排放二级标准。     

中国生态农业与面源污染减排

2007年世界环境日中国的主题为"污染减排与环境友好型社会",农业污染减排是其中一个无法回避的问题。农业污染即面源污染,或称非点源污染,主要有过量施用化肥和农药造成的土壤和水体污染、农业生产废弃物造成的污染和农业温室气体排放等三大类。当前中国严重的面源污染问题是由农业生产方式决定的。中国生态农业是具有中国特色的可持续农业,因充分利用废弃物、综合效益提高、减施化肥和农药等特征,而具备实现面源污染减排的功能。中国生态农业是中国解决面源污染减排和农业可持续发展的最重要途径。针对中国生态农业发展中的问题,应该提高认识、建立和完善支撑体系并积极推广中国生态农业经典模式,加快中国农业发展,推进面源污染减排。     

Maximum slat width for cooling efficiency of horticultural produce in wooden crates

The influence of wood package design on airflow distribution was investigated for forced-air cooling using horticultural produce simulators. The position of grooves on the container walls was tested using slat width of 100–200 mm and airflow rates ranging from 0.0005 to 0.003 m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻¹. The package opening configurations were compared based on their impact on the energy added to the system using a methodology previously developed. For this purpose, apples and sweet corns were taken as examples of produce from two different extremes in the respiration activity range. For airflow rates as low as 0.0005 m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻¹one groove at the bottom of the container produced a cooling process more uniform than the other one-groove configurations and even two grooves because of natural convection effect. If packing low respiration rate produce, increasing airflow rate could compromise the process energy efficiency because of air circulation obstruction for less vented containers. For high respiration rate produce enlarging open area above 2.4% would be recommended rather than increasing airflow rate to enhance cooling energy efficiency.     

漳州市农业土壤重金属现状、分析及防治

调查漳州市农业土壤重金属Hg、As、Cr、Cd、Pb背景值及污染现状,调查结果,漳州市农业土壤重金属背景值相对较低。其现状为,Hg、As、Cd、Pb含量高于背景值1~4倍(Cr除外),特别是Hg和As为高污染元素。按土壤类型划分,水稻土土类重金属含量高于赤红壤土类(Hg除外);按土地利用方式划分,水田>菜地>果园;按流域划分,九龙江流域农业土壤重金属含量高于非九龙江流域(Cr除外)。污染源以农业污染为主,工业污染相对较轻。     

城市生态环境保护与可持续发展

良好的城市生态环境,是社会经济发展与社会文明发达的标志,因此,加强城市生态环境建设,重视城市的可持续发展,已成为当今社会的重要任务。本文在论述城市发展现状与生态环境保护的基础上,提出相应的对策与措施,并以东南沿海经济区及南京市环境污染现状为例,探讨城市生态环境保护与实现城市经济可持续发展的重要途径。     

Oribatid mites in urban zones of West Berlin

Summary A comparison is made between oribatid fauna (Acari, Oribatida) in the urban regions of West Berlin and forest areas. There are characteristic species compositions living in urban soils, in epilithic moss cushions or on the bark of trees. The urban environment obviously causes a change in the species pattern in these types of habitats and minimizes the number of species in central urban regions. The most important regional factors are probably relative aridity, air pollution and habitat isolation, showing a similar increasing tendency from sub-urban to central regions of West Berlin. The effects of air pollution (SO2) on moss-inhabiting oribatid mites are analysed in 13 sites of the urban district of West Berlin. The use of moss- and bark-dwelling mites as bioindicators of air pollution is discussed.Soil oribatids might be useful bioindicators of soil pollution in further research.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. M.S. Ghilarov     

Modern forestry vehicles and their impacts on soil physical properties

“Close-to-nature forest stands” are one central key in the project “Future oriented Forest Management” financially supported by the German Ministry for Science and Research (BMBF). The determination of ecological as well as economical consequences of mechanized harvesting procedures during the transformation from pure spruce stands to close-to-nature mixed forest stands is one part of the “Southern Black Forest research cooperation”. Mechanical operations of several typical forest harvesting vehicles were analysed to examine the actual soil stresses and displacements in soil profiles and to reveal the changes in soil physical properties of the forest soils. Soil compaction stresses were determined by Stress State Transducer (SST) and displacement transducer system (DTS) at two depths: 20 and 40 cm. Complete harvesting and trunk logging processes accomplished during brief 9-min operations were observed at time resolutions of 20 readings per second. Maximum vertical stresses for all experiments always exceeded 200 kPa and at soil depths of 20 cm for some vehicles and sequences of harvesting operations approached ≥500 kPa. To evaluate the impacts of soil stresses on soil structure, internal soil strengths were determined by measuring precompression stresses. Precompression stress values of forest soils at the field sites ranged from 20 to 50 kPa at soil depths of 20 cm depth and from 25 to 60 kPa at soil depths of 40 cm, at a pore water pressure of −60 hPa. Data obtained for these measured soil stresses and their natural bearing capacities proved that sustainable wheeling is impossible, irrespective of the vehicle type and the working process. Re-occurring top and subsoil compaction, increases in precompression stress values in the various soil horizons, deep rut depths, vertical and horizontal soil displacements associated with shearing stresses, all affected the mechanical strengths of forest soils. In order to sustain naturally “unwheeled” soil areas with minimal compaction, it is recommended that smaller machines, having less mass, be used to complete forest harvesting in order to prevent or at least to maintain currently minimal-compacted forest soils. Additionally, if larger machines are required, permanent wheel and skid tracks must be established with the goal of their maximum usefulness for future forest operations. A first step towards accomplishing these permanent pathways requires comprehensive planning with the Federal State Baden-Württemberg. The new guideline for final opening with skid tracks (Landesforstverwaltung Baden-Württemberg, 2003) proposes a permanent skid track system with a width of 20–40 m.     

土壤有机污染生物修复技术影响因素的研究进展

土壤有机污染的生物修复技术的论述很多,本文则从对影响这些技术实施的因素进行综合评述,例如污染物的性质、微生物自身特性等。     

畜禽粪便污染及加快资源化利用探讨

本文分析了畜禽粪便的污染现状及危害、利用状况,分析了畜禽粪便污染整治及资源化利用中存在的问题,提出了加快畜禽粪便资源化利用的措施。