甜玉米(Zea mays L.saccharata Sturt)主要农艺性状遗传模型分析

玉米农艺性状是影响植株个体发育状况及群体生产效能的重要因素.本试验以甜玉米T8(♀)和T33(♂)为亲本,组配杂交组合,F2代乳熟期调查各单株主要农艺性状,用"主基因+多基因混合遗传模型"分析方法进行遗传模型分析.结果表明,甜玉米茎粗的最佳遗传模型符合A-3模型,即2对完全显性基因控制;穗位高的最适遗传模型为B-6,即...     

不同矮秆基因对冬小麦农艺性状的影响

利用以冬麦品种ＭａｒｉｓＨｕｎｔｓｍａｎ为背景的含有不同矮杆基因Ｒｈｔ１,Ｒｈｔ２和Ｒｈｔ３及其不同结合形式的６个近等基因系,研究了不同矮秆基因对小麦农艺性状的作用,结果表明,Ｒｈｔ１半矮秆基因显著提高了单株穗数,粒数和粒重,地下部生物产量,经济系数和倒二叶面积,Ｒｈｔ２半矮秆基因显著提高了单株（或单穗）粒数和粒重,经济系数和倒二叶面积,显著降低了千粒重,Ｒｈｔ３矮秆基因对单株粒数,地上部生物产量     

不同农艺措施对旱地谷子水分利用效率的影响

１９８８￣１９９０年在山西省屯留试点进行了不同农艺措施对旱地谷子水分利用效率影响的研究，结果表明，肥料是影响旱地农田水分利用效率的主要因子，其次是品种、密度和播期。     

对中综3号玉米群体格子混合选择效果分析

用格子混合选择法完成了对中综３号玉米群体６轮的产量性状的选择,兼顾抗性、株型、早熟性等性状。经１９９５～１９９６年在北京、安徽、河南２年３点联合试验,结果表明,６轮群体子粒产量每ｈｍ＾２增加了１１５５ｋｇ（２４．０５％）,平均每轮每ｈｍ＾２增加１９２．４５ｋｍ（４．０１％）,与线性回归响应（ｂ＝１８７．８ｋｇ）相吻合。子粒产量增加的主要原因是单株穗部性状发生了变化。穗长每轮增加１．８ｃｍ（１２．７％）,每行粒数增加４．１粒（１０．９％）,千粒重增加２７．２ｇ（１２．５％）,差异均达极显著水平。同时,株高、穗位也有所提高。经６轮选择后,株高增加２９．２ｃｍ。抗倒性、抗青枯等显著提高,倒伏率从Ｃ０的２２．７％减少到Ｃ６的１２．１％,青枯病株率从Ｃ０的１８．１％减少到Ｃ６的９．６％。     

Dry‐Matter and Grain Yield,Nutrient Uptake,and Phosphorus Use‐Efficiency of Lowland Rice as Influenced by Phosphorus Fertilization

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the most yield‐limiting factors in lowland acid soils of Brazil. A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive years to determine dry‐matter and grain yield, nutrient uptake, and P‐use efficiency of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown on an acidic Inceptisol. Phosphorus rates used in the experiment were 0, 131, 262, 393, 524, and 655 kg P ha^?1 applied as broadcast through termophosphate yoorin. Dry‐matter yield of shoot and grain yield were significantly (P<0.01) and quadratically increased with P fertilization. Concentrations (content per unit dry‐weight leaves) of nitrogen (N), P, and magnesium (Mg) were significantly increased in a quadratic fashion with the increasing P rates. However, concentrations of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) were not influenced significantly with P fertilization, and Mn concentration was significantly decreased with increasing P rates. Phosphorus use efficiencies (agronomic, physiological, agrophysiological, recovery, and utilization) were decreased with increasing P rates. However, magnitude of decrease varied from efficiency to efficiency.     

Optimal rate and schedule of nitrogen fertilizer application for enhanced yield and nitrogen use efficiency in dry-seeded rice in north-western India

Dry direct-seeded aerobic rice (DSR) is an emerging attractive alternative to traditional puddled transplanted rice (PTR) production system for reducing labour and irrigation water requirements in the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) of India. The fertilizer N requirement of DSR grown with alternate wetting and drying water management may differ from that of PTR grown under continuous flooding due to differences in N dynamics in the soil/water system and crop growth patterns. Limited studies have been conducted on optimizing N management and application schedule for enhanced N use efficiency in DSR. Therefore, field experiments were conducted over 3 years in NW India to evaluate the effects of N rate and timing of its application on crop performance and N use efficiency. Interaction effects of four N rates (0, 120, 150, and 180 kg ha^?1) as urea and four schedules of N application on yield and N use efficiency were evaluated in DSR. The N schedules included N application in three equal split doses (0, 35 and 63, and 14, 35 and 63 days after sowing, DAS) and four equal split doses (0, 28, 49 and 70; 14, 28, 49 and 70 DAS). There was no significant interaction between N rate and schedules on grain yield. Significant response to fertilizer N was observed at 120 kg N ha^?1 and economic optimum dose for three equal split doses and skipping N at sowing was 130 kg N ha^?1. Highest mean grain yield of 6.60 t ha^?1 was obtained when N was applied in three equal split doses at 14, 35 and 63 DAS which was about 8.5% higher compared with N applied in four equal split doses at 14, 28, 49 and 70 DAS. Under the best N application schedule, agronomic N use efficiency (26 kg grain kg^?1), recovery efficiency (49%) and physiological efficiency (53 kg kg^?1) were comparable to the values reported in Asia for PTR. Results from our study will help to achieve high yields and N use efficiency in DSR to replace resource intensive PTR.     

水条播对寒地水稻农艺性状和产量构成因素的影响

随着劳动力的短缺,直播水稻具有省工省力的优点逐渐受到重视,因此筛选适宜水条播（直播）的水稻品种是极其重要的。为此,以29份寒地水稻为材料,采用随机区组试验设计,研究水条播对寒地水稻农艺性状、产量构成因素和产量的影响。结果表明,水条播对寒地水稻单位面积穗数的影响为偏正向,对株高、穗长、穗重、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、穗粒数、成粒率、千粒重、生物产量、经济系数和理论产量的影响都是偏负向的。水条播提高了穗重、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、单位面积穗数、穗粒数、成粒率、千粒重、生物产量、经济系数和理论产量的变异程度,而千粒重的变异系数较小。穗重、成粒率和生物产量对水条播反应较敏感的材料,一般其理论产量对水条播的反应也较敏感。     

吉林省近年来绿豆品种遗传改良过程中主要农艺性状的变化

以吉林省1986 ～2011年育成的23个绿豆品种为试验材料,研究了绿豆产量及与产量相关农艺性状的变化.结果表明,吉林省绿豆产量在1986 ～ 2011年间的品种改良过程中提高了22.99％,单株荚数、单荚粒数和单株产量都显著增加,说明随着育成年代的推进,新育成绿豆品种的库容在扩大.单株荚数、单荚粒数、单株产量、荚长与产量呈显著正相关,其中单株荚数与产量呈极显著正相关,表明单株荚数是决定产量的主要因素.叶片长与叶片宽随育成年代的推移变化不显著,但叶片宽与产量呈显著正相关.株高、主茎节数和分枝数随育成年代的推移而显著降低,其中主茎节数呈极显著相关,且株高和主茎节数与产量呈显著负相关,分枝数与产量呈不显著正相关.表明吉林省绿豆高产育种目标应放在增“源”扩“库”上,在适当增加百粒重的基础上,选择荚多、荚长的新品种.     

水稻籼爪交和粳爪交杂种优势的研究Ⅰ.杂种农艺性状的表现

研究了籼爪交和粳爪交杂种在长沙、三亚两地农艺性状和干物质产量的表现. 由引进爪哇稻品种所配的籼/爪和粳/爪交杂种F1代表现为植株高大, 生长茂盛, 具有强大的干物质产量优势. 绝对干物质产量(单株穗期干重)为: 籼爪杂种＞粳爪杂种＞对照(籼籼交杂种), 干物质生产率(单株日干物质产量)为: 籼爪杂种＞粳爪杂种＞对照. 供试籼     

无架豇豆种子高产栽培技术方案研究

采用二次回归正交旋转设计方法，经过计算机计算，建立了播期、密度和矮壮素施用量等3项栽培技术与美国无架豇豆产量的数学模型并通过模拟寻优，筛选出每公顷产量2140～2650kg的综合技术优化组合方案。