Microbial use of organic amendments in saline soils monitored by changes in the C/C ratio

An incubation experiment was carried out to investigate whether salinity at high pH has negative effects on microbial substrate use, i.e. the mineralization of the amendment to CO₂ and inorganic N and the incorporation of amendment C into microbial biomass C. In order to exploit natural differences in the ¹³C/¹²C ratio, substrate from two C₄ plants, i.e. highly decomposed and N-rich sugarcane filter cake and less decomposed N-poor maize leaf straw, were added to two alkaline Pakistani soils differing in salinity, which had previously been cultivated with C₃ plants. In soil 1, the additional CO₂ evolution was equivalent to 65% of the added amount in the maize straw treatment and to 35% in the filter cake treatment. In the more saline soil 2, the respective figures were 56% and 32%. The maize straw amendment led to an identical immobilization of approximately 48 μg N g⁻¹ soil over the 56-day incubation in both soils compared with the control soils. In the filter cake treatment, the amount of inorganic N immobilized was 8.5 μg N g⁻¹ higher in soil 1 than in soil 2 compared with the control soils. In the control treatment, the content of microbial biomass C₃-C in soil 1 was twice that in soil 2 throughout the incubation. This fraction declined by about 30% during the incubation in both soils. The two amendments replaced initially similar absolute amounts of the autochthonous microbial biomass C, i.e. 50% of the original microbial biomass C in soil 1 and almost 90% in soil 2. The highest contents of microbial biomass C₄-C were equivalent to 7% (filter cake) and 11% (maize straw) of the added C. In soil 2, the corresponding values were 14% lower. Increasing salinity had no direct negative effects on microbial substrate use in the present two soils. Consequently, the differences in soil microbial biomass contents are most likely caused indirectly by salinity-induced reduction in plant growth rather than directly by negative effects of salinity on soil microorganisms.     

An experimental study of charcoal degradation in a boreal forest

Degradation rates of pyrogenic carbon (PyC) under natural environmental conditions are largely unknown. Here we present results from a field experiment monitoring the change in mass, C- and N concentrations of a variety of charcoal types in a Norwegian boreal forest over a period of 20 months. The charcoal types represent different feedstock tree species, production temperature regimes, and placements in the forest, i.e. above ground, in the humus layer or in contact with the mineral subsoil. The types of charcoal had different initial C concentrations mainly depending on their production temperature. Nevertheless, all types of charcoal at all placements in the forest showed an initial drop in their C concentrations, which subsequently rose back to reach near initial values in part of the charcoal types. In part of the charcoal types, N concentrations decreased throughout the experiment, exhibiting considerable variation among feedstock species, production temperature regime, and placements in the forest. C/N ratios rose especially in charcoal made from wood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and charcoal that had been stored in contact with the mineral subsoil showed the most rapid mass gain. Our results confirm the important influence of production temperature and feedstock type on the degradation of charcoal, but they also show that microbial activity and environmental conditions play significant roles in charcoal degradation and thus for the fate of pyrogenic carbon under natural conditions.     

不同氨氮浓度对部分亚硝化过程中N_2O释放的影响

[目的]研究氨氮浓度对部分亚硝化过程中温室气体N2O释放的影响。[方法]利用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR),采用间歇曝气的方式,分析进水不同氨氮浓度对部分亚硝化过程中N2O产生的影响。[结果]当进水氨氮浓度不同时,部分亚硝化过程中DO、ORP变化趋势大体一致,出水中亚硝氮与氨氮的浓度比都能达到1∶1,而且硝氮始终都维持在较低水平。进水氨氮浓度对部分亚硝化过程中N2O的释放有显著影响,氨氮浓度越高,N2O的释放量越大。其中,当氨氮浓度为400 mg/L时,N2O的释放量高达37 mg左右。[结论]部分亚硝化过程中N2O的释放可能与NH4+、NO2-的浓度有关。     

The lateral spread of tree root systems in boreal forests: Estimates based on N uptake and distribution of sporocarps of ectomycorrhizal fungi

In nutrient poor environments, such as boreal forests, many of the most important interactions between plants take place belowground. Here, we report the results of two approaches to obtain estimates of the lateral spread of tree roots.     

禽流感病毒河北株的分离鉴定

禽流感（Ａｖｉａｎ Ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｚａ）是由 Ａ型流感病毒引起的一种禽类的病毒性传染病,被国际兽疫局确定为Ⅰ类烈性传染性病。该病毒属正粘病毒科,几乎所有的野生与家养禽类均可感染。１８７８年在意大利的鸡群中首次暴发,其后许多国家和地区都相继报道ＡＩＶ存在的事实,近几年,我国在不同地区都分离到禽流感病毒,广泛存在的主要是Ｈ９亚型病毒,且多为中等以下毒力的毒株。本试验采集病料主要针对河北省养鸡业较为发达的几个县市的七个小型养鸡场,选择未注过流感疫苗,临床症状出现产蛋下降和呼吸道症状严重的鸡只,剖杀,采集病变明显的脏器,如胰、肝、肺、脾、气管、肾、泄殖腔及其干酪样物等,剪碎研磨,加抗生素处理后,接种９－１０日龄鸡胚,弃掉２４小时内死亡的鸡胚,收集２４－７２小时死亡鸡胚的尿囊液,盲传三代,并做血凝试验,对于ＨＡ阳性的样品,进一步做ＨＩ试验,结果有２株禽流感病毒为Ｈ９亚型;进一步测定其神经氨酸酶活性,结果为Ｎ２。取１： １０稀释的尿液０．２ｍｌ肌肉接种８只８周龄ＳＰＦ鸡测其致病力指数,观察１０天内鸡只发病情况,结果第三天鸡群精神稍有沉郁,其中一只出现歪脖的神经症状,采用英国中心兽医实验室静脉致病指数（ＩＶＰＩ）测定计算方法     

稻田水体碳氮稳定同位素组成与时空变化研究

利用稳定同位素技术研究了稻田沟渠、池塘、湿地等水体的碳、氮稳定同位素组成特征与时空变化。结果表明,水中颗粒性有机物(Particulate organic matter,POM)δ13C值(稳定性碳同位素比值)在-31.5‰~-24.3‰之间变化,平均值为-27.7‰,可能主要来自于浮游植物和浮游动物的贡献。POM稳定性碳同位素比值存在明显的季节变化,呈现出春、夏季高于秋、冬季的趋势。浮游动物与POM稳定性碳同位素比值之间的时空变化存在一定的相关性,说明研究区内浮游动物对内源有机碳的利用可能主要来自POM。颗粒性有机物δ15N存在秋、冬季高于春、夏季的趋势,但空间差异不显著,其中湿地的变化幅度相对较大(3.2‰~6.3‰),δ15NPOM平均值为4.1‰,说明研究区固氮作用较小,外源物的污染程度较低。     

Fractal features of soil particle size distribution and the implication for indicating desertification

Some of the effects of land desertification on soil properties are manifested by the coarsening of the soil particlesize distribution (PSD) and the losses in organic C and nutrients. The changes and characteristics of PSD and selected chemical properties in soils at the 0-15 cm plough layer from different degrees of desertified croplands are analyzed in the semiarid Horqin Sandy Land, northern China. The fractal dimension of the PSD is emanated to characterize the patterns of PSD. The relationships between the fractal dimension of the PSD and selected soil properties are discussed. The results show that: (1) in the transformation from potential desertified cropland to extremely desertified cropland, the sand content at the 0-15 cm soil increased from 69% to 93%, organic C and total N contents decreased by 65% and 69%, respectively; (2) the fractal dimension of PSD ranged from 2.179 to 2.611, the more the contents of sand, the lower the fractal dimension and the higher the desertified degree of farmland. In the desertification process within the studied area, the mean fractal dimension decreased from 2.555 for the potential desertified soils to 2.298 for extremely desertified soils; (3) there existed considerable linear relationships between fractal dimension and soil properties. It was shown that fractal dimensions of PSD are useful parameters able to monitor soil degradation and to estimate the degree of soil desertification.     

斑点杂交法检测犬瘟热病毒

N蛋白是犬瘟热病毒核衣壳的主要构成成分,又是保守性较强的免疫原性蛋白。本研究对犬瘟热病毒N基因重组质粒酶切、凝胶回收目的DNA进行DIG标记制备探针,用此探针斑点杂交检测40只疑似犬瘟热患病犬鼻液和20只病死犬脾脏、肝脏、心脏、肺脏、肾脏、血液中的犬瘟热病毒。结果显示,40只疑似犬中,有33只是阳性,阳性率是82.5%,比胶体金诊断试纸阳性检出率高。而对病死犬的不同组织检测中,脾脏中病毒检出率最高,表明斑点杂交技术在犬瘟热病毒的早期诊断和流行病学调查中有很高的应用价值。     

苏州地区水体氮污染状况

报告了地处太湖流域中心地带的苏州地区水体氮污染研究结果。对苏州吴县境内主要河流、湖泊和农村浅层地下水氮污染现状进行了评估。根据不同水体 ,不同形态无机氮的浓度及PO3-4 的浓度 ,对河水 ,湖水和井水中氮的来源进行了初步讨论 ,比较了河湖水体氮污染的季节性变化 ,提出了减缓这一地区水体氮污染的对策。     

短期培养下抑制剂烯丙基硫脲对土壤硝化作用及微生物的影响

硝化抑制剂烯丙基硫脲（ATU）对土壤硝化作用及温室效应的影响及机理尚不清楚。本研究采集典型旱地土壤,进行21天室内微宇宙培养,探究了氮肥与不同剂量ATU（分别为氮素用量的1%, 5%, 10%, 15%和20%）配施对土壤硝化作用及N2O和CO2排放通量的影响,并通过实时荧光定量PCR和高通量测序16S rRNA基因技术监测硝化微生物群落变化,同时与传统硝化抑制剂双氰胺（DCD）进行了保氮减排效果的对比。结果表明,与未施加氮肥的对照相比（CK）,单施氮肥（N）显著提高了土壤硝化强度并促进了N2O排放。DCD能显著抑制硝态氮和N2O的积累,抑制效率分别为68.6%和93.3%。而低浓度ATU对土壤硝化作用无影响,仅在高浓度具有抑制效应,且抑制效率最高仅为14.7%。所有ATU处理N2O排放量均显著降低,降幅为60.3～68.2%,仍远高于DCD处理。处理间N2O和CO2的综合温室效应强弱顺序为N>ATU+N>DCD+N≈CK,且不同ATU施用量处理之间差异不显著。相关分析发现氨氧化细菌（AOB）,而不是氨氧化古菌（AOA）和全程氨氧化细菌（Comammox）,与土壤硝态氮积累和N2O排放显著正相关,与土壤pH显著负相关。高通量测序结果表明Nitrosovibrio tenuis类型AOB对氮肥诱导的硝化过程起主导作用。除此之外,ATU和DCD还能显著提高Cupriavidus,并降低Patulibacter、Aeromicrobium、Actinomycetospora、Defluviicoccus和Acidipila等微生物属在群落中的相对丰度。该研究为深化土壤碳氮循环理论,合理使用硝化抑制剂以及减缓温室气体排放提供科学依据。