罐装奶粉真空度形成影响因素研究

奶粉营养成分丰富,为避免罐装奶粉在货架期内出现胀罐情况,保证产品货架期的稳定性,一般采用气调包装并在罐内形成一定真空度。为研究罐装奶粉真空度影响因素,制备罐装奶粉并测试不同条件下罐内的真空度。通过对罐装奶粉进行长期跟踪测试,研究存储时间、存储温度、气体比例对罐内真空度形成的影响。结果表明,随着存储时间增加,罐内真空度呈现先快速增大后趋于平缓的趋势;在存储前期,37℃、47℃条件下的样品形成的真空度较常温更大;二氧化碳（CO2）的比例对罐内真空度形成的影响显著。     

河南省部分地区猪流行性腹泻病毒ORF3和N基因的克隆及其遗传进化分析

为探究河南省猪流行性腹泻病毒部分毒株的遗传进化情况,采用RT-PCR对2017年2月至2018年1月在河南省部分地区猪场收集到的25份PEDV阳性病料进行ORF3和N基因的扩增,并对其进行克隆、序列比对及遗传进化分析。结果显示,PEDV毒株的ORF3基因序列是由675个核苷酸组成的,与经典毒株CV777之间核苷酸及氨基酸同源性分别为95.2%~97.5%和95.1%~96.9%。N基因之间的核苷酸与氨基酸同源性分别为96.2%~100%和93.8%~99.8%;与经典毒株CV777核苷酸与氨基酸的同源性分别为94.7%~95.8%和93.2%~96.8%。河南部分地区PEDV流行毒株与经典毒株CV777不在同一分支,说明猪场暴发猪流行性腹泻与免疫接种疫苗后依旧难以控制的原因,可能与大多数PEDV河南流行株发生变异有关。     

施肥对桑叶品质的影响

在大田条件下研究了施肥对桑叶品质的影响 ,多年多点的试验结果表明 ,在土壤养分缺乏的桑园施用相应的缺素养分总体上有改善桑叶品质的作用。N、P、K、S、Mg、B等 6种养分的施用均明显提高桑叶必需氨基酸含量和氨基酸总量 ;N、K、S、B肥有提高桑叶蛋白质的作用 ,Mg对蛋白质的影响作用很小 ;N、Mg、B肥有提高桑叶全糖含量的作用 ,P、K肥则会降低全糖含量 ,S对桑叶全糖含量的影响不大 ;N、P、K肥施用有提高桑叶中脂肪含量的作用 ,而S、Mg、B肥的作用则相反。结果还显示 ,同一种养分在不同试验中对桑叶某一具体品质参数的影响大小及影响方向不尽相同 ,表明施肥对桑叶品质的作用还受其他因素影响。     

H9亚型禽流感病毒钦州株HA基因的克隆与遗传进化

采集钦州活禽交易市场的鸡气管和泄殖腔的棉拭予样品,用H9亚型分型引物进行PCR初步筛选,阳性样品经SPF鸡胚尿囊腔接种分离病毒,通过RT-PCR方法扩增HA基因,并将其克隆到pMD—18T载体后进行序列测定和分析。结果表明,获得1株H9亚型禽流感病毒命名为：A／Chicken／Guangxi／qz40／2009（简称qz40）。测序结果表明qz40的HA基因片段全长1683bp,编码560个氨基酸;序列同源性比较结果表明,该毒株与参考毒株的核苷酸序列同源性为82．8％．99．9％,推导氨基酸同源性为87．5％．99．6％;HA基因的裂解位点氨基酸顺序为RSSRIGLF,为低致病性毒株;含有7个潜在的N-糖基化位点,其中5个位于HAl部分、2个位于HA2部分;基于H9亚型HA基因的进化树分析表明,qz40株属于欧亚种系的A／Chicken／Beijing／1／94（Ck／Bei—like）群系。     

冬季种养结合对稻田土壤微生物量及有效碳氮库的影响

以双季稻冬闲田种植绿肥与养鸡结合的新型种养制度为平台,通过冬季绿肥和鸡粪还田,减少水稻生育期化肥用量,探讨“冬季绿肥-双季稻”轮作种植制度和“冬季种养结合-双季稻”种养制度下对稻田土壤微生物碳、氮和可溶性有机碳、氮的影响。试验包括5个处理,分别为冬闲(F)、冬季种植黑麦草(R)、冬季种植紫云英(M)、冬季种植黑麦草与养鸡结合(RC)以及冬季种植紫云英与养鸡结合(MC)。结果表明,在整个试验的动态过程中,微生物量碳、氮及可溶性有机碳、氮含量高低总体趋势表现为绿肥养鸡>绿肥>冬闲,各处理间差异显著(P<0.05);“冬季种养结合-双季稻”种养制度能显著提高土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性有机碳、氮。各处理微生物量碳、氮和可溶性有机氮在3月24日达到最大值,RC、MC、R和M处理微生物量碳最大值分别为492.22,464.91,432.34和435.48 mg/kg;微生物量氮的最大值分别为118.20,101.03,70.13和85.46 mg/kg;可溶性有机氮的最大值分别为1001.47,926.21,832.80和870.75 mg/kg;可溶性有机碳在早稻苗期达到最大值,RC、MC、R和M最大值分别为278.95,266.40,246.13和249.84 mg/kg。微生物量碳含量的高峰在早稻移栽初期、晚稻孕穗期和灌浆期,微生物量氮的高峰出现在早稻分蘖期、齐穗灌浆期和晚稻孕穗期,可溶性有机碳在稻田养鸡及成鸡出栏后较高。与冬闲田种植绿肥和休闲相比,冬闲稻田种植绿肥结合养鸡对增加微生物生物量的贡献更大,并显著提高土壤的可溶性有机碳氮,间接反映了种养制度能提高土壤有机碳、氮的矿化速率和土壤的活性有机碳氮以及满足水稻生长期间自身养分需求。     

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: The effect of dietary methionine levels on endogenous nitrogen and endogenous amino acids flows in growing goats

The effect of dietary methionine (Met) levels on endogenous N and amino acids (AA) flows at different part of the digestive tract of growing goats was determined using a ¹⁵N isotope dilution technique. Three goats (25 ± 2.5 kg) were fitted with the ruminal, duodenal and ileal cannulae and allocated to three dietary treatments in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. The dietary treatments consisted of a total mixed ration containing three levels of Met (0.15%, 0.25% and 0.35%) respectively. It was found that at 0.15% Met level, the lowest flow in endogenous N and total AA at the duodenum and ileum occurred. The endogenous N secretion contributed to 26% and 23% of the duodenal and ileal total N flows, respectively, and the proportions were not affected by the dietary Met levels. The duodenal and ileal flows of endogenous total AA were 11.1, 11.8, 11.3 g/d and 2.9, 3.9, 4.1 g/d respectively. The average real digestibility of N was 65%, 87% and 95% in the forestomach, intestine and whole digestive tract respectively.     

Putative human and avian risk factors for avian influenza virus infections in backyard poultry in Egypt

Highly pathogenic influenza A virus subtype H5N1 causes significant poultry mortality in the six countries where it is endemic and can also infect humans. Egypt has reported the third highest number of poultry outbreaks (n = 1084) globally. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to identify putative risk factors for H5N1 infections in backyard poultry in 16 villages in Damietta, El Gharbia, Fayoum, and Menofia governorates from 2010–2012. Cloacal and tracheal swabs and serum samples from domestic (n = 1242) and wild birds (n = 807) were tested for H5N1 via RT-PCR and hemagglutination inhibition, respectively. We measured poultry rearing practices with questionnaires (n = 306 households) and contact rates among domestic and wild bird species with scan sampling. Domestic birds (chickens, ducks, and geese, n = 51) in three governorates tested positive for H5N1 by PCR or serology. A regression model identified a significant correlation between H5N1 in poultry and the practice of disposing of dead poultry and poultry feces in the garbage (F = 15.7, p < 0.0001). In addition, contact between domestic and wild birds was more frequent in villages where we detected H5N1 in backyard flocks (F = 29.5, p < 0.0001).     

Establishment of Digital RT-PCR Assay for Detection of Swine Influenza Virus H3N2 Subtype

A new assay for the detection of swine influenza virus (SIV) was developed with a novel nucleic acid probe——Molecular beacon in this study. The specific primers and molecular beacon probes were designed according to the conserved region of H3 and N2 genes of SIV H3N2 subtype. A digital RT-PCR assay was developed for detection of SIV H3N2 subtype. The results showed that SIV H3N2 subtype could be identified simultaneously on this microarry with high sensitivity and reproducibility,which could reach to 10⁶ dilute viruse. The conclusion was that the digital RT-PCR method could analyze quantitatively the RNA templates.On the identification of H3N2 SIV,the digital RT-PCR method was much more scientific than Real-time quantitative PCR method.     

Evolution of farm management, nitrogen efficiency and economic performance on Dutch dairy farms reducing external inputs

The implementation of the statutory Mineral Accounting System (MINAS) in the Netherlands in the period 1998–2003 required large reductions in nutrient inputs of dairy farms. Patterns in farm management adjustments throughout 6 years and their effectiveness in terms of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and economic performance were evaluated for 45 commercial farms participating in a regional nutrient management project.

Six groups of farms were identified that differed in initial NUE and the change therein. Three groups of farms that were able to rapidly reduce fertilizer N input and establish a consistent farm management strategy were most successful in improving NUE. These farms had a higher gross margin per 100 kg milk than farms without a consistent strategy. The three effective strategies were primarily characterized by (i) continuous, gradual adjustment of the integrated farm management combined with a slight reduction in milk production per ha (re-balancing) versus increasing productivity per animal, thereby reducing maintenance N requirements, while (ii) maintaining or (iii) increasing the production intensity per ha. It was concluded that different approaches to improve NUE can be successful, also in economic terms, although a direct relationship between NUE and gross margin was not observed. The probably implicit choice for adoption of a strategy may be governed by farm endowment and the farmer's skills and objectives.     

IBV AH1-99分离株N基因的克隆及序列分析

利用RT-PCR技术成功扩增出IBV AH1-99分离株的N基因全长cNDA,将其克隆到pMD18-T载体上。经酶切分析、PCR鉴定及核苷酸序列测定,成功获得该分离株N基因的重组质粒。序列分析结果表明,分离株N基因全长1 230个核苷酸,编码409个氨基酸。同部分IBV参考毒株相比,核苷酸同源性为85.8%~89.9%,氨基酸同源性为86.6%~91.0%,在进化关系树中,AH1-99与国内分离株X、LX4亲缘关系较近。