持续农业、替代农业、中国的生态农业

本文根据我国生态农业的目的意义、基本观点理论和技术工艺方法,对照近来国为外提出的“农业的持续发展”、“持续农业”“立体农业”的实际目的、理论与内容、方法,指出,它们和正在全国推广的中国的生态农业,除了名称不同以外,并没有任何本质上的区别,实际上它们本来就是一个领域的不同说法而已。     

农业可持续发展与改善生态环境

对可持续发展概念的提出、演变、含义以及把它作为我国经济发展的战略进行了综述,讨论了发展与环境的关系,农业可持续发展与改善生态环境的关系,分析了我国面临的生态环境问题,并提出了一些建议。     

黄土高原水土保持对农业持续发展的作用

通过大量事实分析了水土流失的危害及水土保持对农业可持续发展的作用,充分说明了水土保持是黄土高原农业走持续发展道路的可靠保证,也是改善生态环境和生产条件并防止山区水旱灾害,促进群众脱贫致富的根本途径。     

湖北农业可持续发展的途径

农业是湖北的优势产业,对长江沿岸经济发展与支撑能力建设起着至关重要的作用。湖北只有实现农业可持续发展,才有可能实现整个社会经济的可持续发展。湖北农业可持续发展面临的问题主要有：人口增长,耕地锐减,人地关系矛盾加剧;中低产田面积大,水土流失严重,农业生态系统抗灾性差;农业自然资源不合理开发利用现象比较普遍;农业环境污染日趋严重。为了解决上述问题,实现农业可持续发展,必须认真做到：因地制宜地大力推广各种生态农业优化模式;对全省各个农业区农业内部结构、生产布局进行合理调整;通过“种养加”相结合、“产供销”一条龙、“农工贸”一体化,构建生态工程,全面推进农业产业化;坚定不移地贯彻执行计划生育和环境保护两项基本国策,当前特别要注意控制农村环境污染及抓好灾后重建工作;要开展农业系统工程的研究,为各个农业区设计良性循环的系统模型,并在此基础上研究全省农业可持续发展的优化模式。     

Carbon sequestration in the agricultural soils of Europe

In this review, technical and economically viable potentials for carbon sequestration in the agricultural soils of Europe by 2008-2012 are analysed against a business-as-usual scenario. We provide a quantitative estimation of the carbon absorption potential per hectare and the surface of agricultural land that is available and suitable for the implementation of those measures, their environmental effects as well as the effects on farm income. Realistically, agricultural soils in EU-15 can sequester up to 16-19 Mt C year⁻¹ during the first Kyoto commitment period (2008-2012), which is less than one fifth of the theoretical potential and equivalent to 2% of European anthropogenic emissions. We identified as most promising measures: the promotion of organic inputs on arable land instead of grassland, the introduction of perennials (grasses, trees) on arable set-aside land for conservation or biofuel purposes, to promote organic farming, to raise the water table in farmed peatland, and—with restrictions—zero tillage or conservation tillage. Many options have environmental benefits but some risk of increasing N₂O emissions. For most measures it is impossible to determine the overall impact on farm profitability. Efficient carbon sequestration in agricultural soils demands a permanent management change and implementation concepts adjusted to local soil, climate and management features in order to allow selection of areas with high carbon sequestering potential. Some of the present agricultural policy schemes have probably helped to maintain carbon stocks in agricultural soils.     

Using the VS‐Fast methodology for soil degradation assessment: a case study from Senegal

Soil degradation threatens sustainable food production and accelerates global warming. Poorer countries, whose agricultural sectors are highly dependent on their natural resource bases, are hit particularly hard by declining soil productivity. Calls for soil‐quality monitoring are therefore, justified and this could inform decision‐makers on the preparation of appropriate interventions. However, the provision of monitoring methodologies is not an easy task. Soil degradation affects several soil characteristics that at larger scales cannot be evaluated with models or remote‐sensing techniques. Therefore, this study focuses on investigating the use of field‐based soil assessment methodologies to differentiate degrees of soil degradation. Specifically, we test the Visual Soil Field Assessment Tool (VS‐Fast) for detecting and monitoring soil degradation using a cross‐section of 71 sites in Senegal, the soil quality of which were classed by local experts. We found low correlation between VS‐Fast classes and expert assessments. By using an ordered logit model to quantify class boundaries, we show that experts categorized areas as ‘degraded’ for a wider range and higher VS‐Fast scores than the corresponding VS‐Fast class. Yet, from general linear models and analysis of variance procedures we found that areas classed by experts as ‘degraded’ had statistically significant lower VS‐Fast scores compared to those that were judged as ‘normal’ and ‘good’, while differences of the VS‐Fast scores between the latter two were negligible. It is remarkable that the visual assessment, the cheaper component of the VS‐Fast score, performs better in differentiating degradation status than its measured counterpart. The results support the need to investigate the applicability of other VSA methodologies that only use field observations and tactile methods.     

拨通12396专家农民手牵手

通过典型事例,生动形象地介绍了山东省星火科技＂12396＂综合信息服务平台的＂12396＂信息服务热线、远程视频诊断、手机短信、智能专家系统的主要功能,对农业信息化的普及推广具有重要推动作用。     

构建八大平台 打造数字农民——绍兴市农业信息工作的实践与思考

近年来,浙江省绍兴市农业部门本着服务基层、服务三农的宗旨,积极构建农技服务、灾情预报、电子商务、农民培训、政策服务、政务监督、村务公开、生活服务等八大信息化平台,有效提升了农业信息化水平。为进一步发展绍兴农业信息化工作,全面打造数字农民,促进农业现代化和新农村建设,应在推进综合信息平台建设、拓展深化网络系统功能、健全多元投入建设机制、加强队伍建设宣传教育等四方面做好工作。     

中亚农业水资源脆弱性及其变化特征分析

农业用水是链接自然环境和社会经济发展的重要环节,研究农业水资源脆弱性的时空变化对揭示水资源的可持续开发利用、保障水资源安全、应对洪旱灾害具有重要意义。为研究中亚地区农业水资源脆弱性变化特征,本文以中亚五国为研究区,基于气象、土地覆盖、地形和社会经济数据,依据脆弱性概念框架,从暴露度、敏感度和适应度3个方面选取18个指标,建立了农业水资源脆弱性评价指标体系,采用等权重法和主成分分析法确定指标权重,对1992-2017年中亚农业水资源脆弱性进行了评价及特征分析。结果表明:1)中亚农业水资源脆弱性空间分布表现为"南高北低"的特征,5国中土库曼斯坦农业水资源脆弱性最强,其次为乌兹别克斯坦、塔吉克斯坦和吉尔吉斯斯坦,而哈萨克斯坦农业水资源脆弱性最弱;研究时段内农业水资源脆弱性空间分布格局变化较小。2)中亚农业水资源脆弱性随时间变化表现为"前期升高,中期降低,后期稳定"的态势,整个研究期内研究区农业水资源脆弱性变化类型以相对稳定为主。不同地区农业水资源脆弱性随时间的变化存在差异,吉尔吉斯斯坦西部和土库曼斯坦的农业水资源脆弱性升高,乌兹别克斯坦、塔吉克斯坦以及咸海地区水资源脆弱性降低,其他地区相对稳定。3)不同地区农业水资源脆弱性对各指标的敏感性不同,北部农业水资源脆弱性动态变化对农田灌溉定额和灌溉指数以负敏感为主,对其他指标以正敏感为主,而南部对各指标的敏感性正负均有;相关性分析表明,森林覆盖率、农业用水比例、农田灌溉定额、水分胁迫指数、灌溉指数和农业水分生产率是导致中亚农业水资源脆弱性空间差异的重要因素。4)为降低农业水资源脆弱性,中亚地区需发展集约型农业,调整作物种植结构,推广耐旱品种农作物,进行节水灌溉。研究结果可为中亚农业水资源规划管理、农业生产布局调整以及农业可持续发展提供参考依据。     

Making modern agriculture sustainable: Fam research network on agroecosystems

All forms of agriculture cause changes in the balances and fluxes of preexisting ecosystems, thereby limiting self-regulatory ecosystem (resiliency) functions. The intensive agriculture of the past, with its strong reduction of landscape structures and vast decoupling of energy and matter cycles, has caused stress and degradation of the production base; massive influence has also been exerted on neighboring compartments. This has resulted in the well known problems of pesticide loads, high phosphate loads to surface waters via over-fertilized soils or erosion as such. To overcome the economic, social and political inadequacies leading to ecological degradation, the demand for sustainable agricultural management needs to be transposed into knowledge-based practical instructions and political regulations on a regional scale. Thus, applied research for a sustainable and ecologically compatible land use aimed at sufficient food production is ever so important. In the FAM, thirty German research institutes have merged to perform research on this topic.