母牛一胎双犊技术的研究

选择9头母牛先行人工授精、7天后再移植冷冻胚胎以生产双犊。试验结果表明,母牛产双犊达44.44%(P<0.01)。提示:采用A(I人工授精)+ET(胚胎移植)是提高母牛双犊率的有效技术措施之一。     

Evaluation of Brix Refractometry for the Estimation of Colostrum Quality in Jennies

Donkey placenta does not allow the passage of immunoglobulins; thus, foals are born hypogammaglobulinemic and an adequate intake of high-quality colostrum in the first 24 hours of life is crucial for the surviving. The study aims to assess the relation between colostrum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration evaluated by the single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) test and the Brix refractometer in donkeys to establish a cutoff value for high quality of colostrum based on Brix refractometry. Colostrum was collected at foaling, and at 6, 12, and 24 hours after foaling from the left and the right half of nine Amiata jennies. A total of 72 colostrum samples were analyzed. A Friedman test with a Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons was used for assessing the differences between the left and right half at each sampling time. No differences were found between the left and right halves; the average value was used to analyze the effect of sampling time on the IgG concentrations and Brix values. The relationship between colostrum IgG concentrations (SRID test) versus Brix value and Brix value versus time was analyzed using two different mixed linear models. A strong statistically significant relation has been found between IgG concentrations and Brix values (R² = 0.84). The relation between IgG concentrations and Brix refractometer showed a cutoff point of 17% Brix score for the identification of high-quality colostrum. The Brix value (%) decreased continuously from 16.29 by 0.29 × hour. Jennies’ and donkey foals’ management may be greatly improved using this simple and cheap device.     

Across-breed validation study confirms and identifies new loci associated with sexual precocity in Brahman and Nellore cattle

The aim of this study was to identify candidate regions associated with sexual precocity in Bos indicus. Nellore and Brahman were set as validation and discovery populations, respectively. SNP selected in Brahman to validate in Nellore were from gene regions affecting reproductive traits (G1) and significant SNP (p ≤ 10^–3) from a meta-analysis (G2). In the validation population, early pregnancy (EP) and scrotal circumference (SC) were evaluated. To perform GWAS in validation population, we used regression and Bayes C. SNP with p ≤ 10^–3 in regression and Bayes factor ≥3 in Bayes C were deemed significant. Significant SNP (for EP or SC) or SNP in their ±250 Kb vicinity region, which were in at least one discovery set (G1 or G2), were considered validated. SNP identified in both G1 and G2 were considered candidate. For EP, 145 SNP were validated in G1 and 41 in G2, and for SC, these numbers were 14 and 2. For EP, 21 candidate SNP were detected (G1 and G2). For SC, no candidate SNP were identified. Validated SNP and their vicinity region were located close to quantitative trait loci or genes related to reproductive traits and were enriched in gene ontology terms related to reproductive success. These are therefore strong candidate regions for sexual precocity in Nellore and Brahman.     

基于地貌因子的高标准农田建设潜力研究

建设高标准农田是科学、高效、可持续利用土地资源的重要方式,建设潜力研究是高标准农田建设的前期基础工作。本文立足重庆市垫江县4个地貌类型区(浅丘低丘区、低中丘区、坪状高丘区、低山及山麓深丘区),借助实地调研、图件和统计数据,从地块尺度构建高标准农田建设潜力评价指标体系,利用熵权法分别计算指标在各地貌类型区的权重,借助综合指数法测算各评价单元建设的潜力得分。结果表明:1)垫江县约80%的基本农田具备建设成高标准农田的潜力,其中:基本具备区占28.57%,稍加整治区占24.13%,全面整治区占26.92%。2)4种地貌类型区建设高标准农田的潜力大小排序为浅丘低丘区低中丘区≈坪状高丘区低山及山麓深丘区。3)不同地貌类型区高标准农田建设的限制因子差异较大:浅丘低丘区限制因子是土壤有机质含量、农田防护面积,低中丘区的限制因子是有效土层厚度、土壤有机质含量、灌排条件,坪状高丘区的限制因子是土壤有机质含量、排灌条件、距交通干线距离,低山及山麓深丘区的限制因子是有效土层厚度、土壤有机质含量、pH、排灌条件、农田机耕能力和田块到居民点距离。未来建设高标准农田时,要因地制宜,布设工程应紧密结合不同地貌类型区限制因子和当地农业产业发展方向,聚焦主导产业消除或降低限制因子的作用,进行差别化高标准农田建设。     

胚胎冻融技术及其在我国肉羊产业中的应用

胚胎冻融技术可使胚胎移植不受时间、地点的限制,从而达到提高胚胎移植效率的目的,研究和优化胚胎冻融技术对胚胎移植工程的发展具有重要的意义。主要对胚胎冻融技术的原理、特点及其在肉羊产业中的应用情况进行了综述,旨在阐明胚胎冻融技术对我国肉羊产业发展的重要作用。     

Effect of calf death loss on cloned cattle herd derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer: Clones with congenital defects would be removed by the death loss

To increase public understanding on cloned cattle derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the present review describes the effect of calf death loss on an SCNT cattle herd. The incidence of death loss in SCNT cattle surviving more than 200 days reached the same level as that in conventionally bred cattle. This process could be considered as removal of SCNT cattle with congenital defects caused by calf death loss. As a result of comparative studies of SCNT cattle and conventionally bred cattle, the substantial equivalences in animal health status, milk and meat productive performance have been confirmed. Both sexes of SCNT cattle surviving to adulthood were fertile and their reproductive performance, including efficiency of progeny production, was the same as that in conventionally bred cattle. The presence of substantial equivalence between their progeny and conventionally bred cattle also existed. Despite these scientific findings, the commercial use of food products derived from SCNT cattle and their progeny has not been allowed by governments for reasons including the lack of public acceptance of these products and the low efficiency of animal SCNT. To overcome this situation, communication of the low risk of SCNT technology and research to improve SCNT efficiency are required.     

Turnover of Village Chickens Undermines Vaccine Coverage to Control HPAI H5N1

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 remains an enzootic disease of village chickens in Indonesia, posing ongoing risk at the animal–human interface. Previous modelling showed that the fast natural turnover of chicken populations might undermine herd immunity after vaccination, although actual details of how this effect applies to Indonesia's village chicken population have not been determined. We explored the turnover effect in Indonesia's scavenging and mixed populations of village chickens using an extended Leslie matrix model parameterized with data collected from village chicken flocks in Java region, Indonesia. Population dynamics were simulated for 208 weeks; the turnover effect was simulated for 16 weeks after vaccination in two ‘best case’ scenarios, where the whole population (scenario 1), or birds aged over 14 days (scenario 2), were vaccinated. We found that the scavenging and mixed populations have different productive traits. When steady‐state dynamics are reached, both populations are dominated by females (54.5%), and ‘growers’ and ‘chicks’ represent the most abundant age stages with 39% and 38% in the scavenging, and 60% and 25% in the mixed population, respectively. Simulations showed that the population turnover might reduce the herd immunity below the critical threshold that prevents the re‐emergence of HPAI H5N1 4–8 weeks (scavenging) and 6–9 weeks (mixed population) after vaccination in scenario 1, and 2–6 weeks (scavenging) and 4–7 weeks (mixed population) after vaccination in scenario 2. In conclusion, we found that Indonesia's village chicken population does not have a unique underlying population dynamic and therefore, different turnover effects on herd immunity may be expected after vaccination; nonetheless, our simulations carried out in best case scenarios highlight the limitations of current vaccine technologies to control HPAI H5N1. This suggests that the improvements and complementary strategies are necessary and must be explored.     

利用非转座子载体介导的转基因家蚕表达人胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ

为了实现利用非转座子载体介导的转基因家蚕整体表达人胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ(hIGF-Ⅰ),将hIGF-Ⅰ基因克隆进非转座子类型的昆虫细胞表达载体pIZT/V5-His,构建转基因载体pIZT/V5-His-hIGF-Ⅰ。利用精子介导法将该转基因载体导入家蚕卵,通过绿色荧光筛选并结合PCR和Dot blotting检测鉴定,表明已成功获得hIGF-Ⅰ转基因家蚕。对培育至G2代的转基因家蚕5龄幼虫蛋白质样品进行Western blotting分析,结果显示hIGF-Ⅰ在转基因家蚕中获得表达,重组hIGF-Ⅰ的分子质量约12.5 kD;ELISA检测hIGF-Ⅰ在G2代转基因家蚕5龄幼虫全蚕以及后部丝腺、脂肪体冻干粉中的质量比分别为65、411、469 ng/g。试验结果再次证实通过非转座子载体pIZT/V5-His介导可以将外源基因导入家蚕基因组,并实现外源基因在转基因家蚕中整体表达。     

松嫩平原野古草无性系种群的营养繁殖特征

野古草是典型的无怀系禾草,分蘖节存活时间最多为４ａ。割草场和放牧场野古草无性系种群的分蘖株为增长型的年龄结构;放牧能增加２、３龄分蘖株的形成与存活;野古草无性系种群１龄级分蘖株的生产力明显高于２龄级;割草场和放牧场的野古草无性系潜在种群均于增长的年龄结构。以硌潜在种群的数量估计,割草场将保护翌年群落的优势种地位和作用;放牧场具有向优势和演替的潜在趋势。     

中国河西走廊草地农业的基本格局和它的系统相悖─—草原退化的机理初探─—

河西走廊的草地资源位于西北荒漠的大背景中，由山地、荒漠和绿洲三个子系统构成，其中荒漠子系统居主导地位，具有先天的脆弱性。它们在人为干预下，在自然生态系统的农业化过程中，发生了山地一绿洲一荒漠组成的耦合农业系统。由于耦合不够完善，它所固有的相悖因素未能有效控制，形成涵有系列相悖因子群的系统相悖。主要表现为时间相悖，空间相悖和种间相悖。三者互相影响，但时间相悖起主导作用，使系统的生态危机加剧。它通常表现为草原退化。对草地农业生态系统的自由能的调控，保持自由能的积累和输出基本相当，是防止草原退化的根本出路。草原退化是草地对于草食动物压迫的对策系统和动物对于草地负荷行为的对策系统的综合反映。放牧程度可以作为草原退化过程的向量系统，但不是草原退化的本质。