“农民参与式”木薯研究与推广的10年实践探讨

本文就中国热带农业科学院品资所于1994-2003年间所采用的“农民参与式”在木薯推广中的方法、过程、结果和成果进行了总结,并探讨成功的协作模式及解决存在问题的良策;概括“农民参与式”的概念、作用、意义。指出其发展前途。     

美法两国区域农业的发展及对中国农业发展的启示

中国是一个农业大国,区域差异明显;不同的区域,其农业发展方向与重点也有所不同;与国外发达国家相比,我国的区域农业并没有得到很好的发展。本文从对美、法两国的区域农业专业化发展进行分析,论述美、法区域农业专业化发展的做法和措施;其中包括：农业的科技推广、教育、以及政府的支持等方面;从而得到一些对中国区域农业发展的启示。     

农业非点源污染国内外研究进展

农业非点源污染正日益成为水体富营养化最主要的污染源,并已成为当前限制我国经济可持续发展的重要因素。笔者从农业非点源污染物迁移转化机制、非点源污染物的防控机制、非点源污染模型模拟、农业非点源污染研究中的尺度问题等方面对国内外研究进展进行了论述。提出我国非点源污染研究需在以下方面有所加强：（1）非点源污染物耦合作用下的运移;（2）转化机理及其界面行为过程机制研究;（3）不同空间尺度和格局农业非点源污染物的迁移转化规律;（4）适合我国不同区域特色的非点源污染机理模型研究。     

The concept of habitat specificity revisited

Habitat specificity indices reflect richness (α) and/or distinctiveness (β) components of diversity. The latter may be defined by α and γ (landscape) diversity in two alternative ways: multiplicatively () and additively (). We demonstrate that the original habitat specificity concept of Wagner and Edwards (Landscape Ecol 16:121–131, 2001) consists of three independent components: core habitat specificity (uniqueness of the species composition), patch area and patch species richness. We describe habitat specificity as a family of indices that may include either area or richness components, or none or both, and open for use of different types of mean in calculation of core habitat specificity. Core habitat specificity is a beta diversity measure: the effective number of completely distinct communities in the landscape. Habitat specificity weighted by species number is a gamma diversity measure: the effective number of species that a patch contributes to landscape richness. We compared 12 habitat specificity indices by theoretical reasoning and by use of field data (vascular plant species in SE Norwegian agricultural landscapes). Habitat specificity indices are strongly influenced by weights for patch area and patch species richness, and the relative contribution of rare vs. common species (type of mean). The relevance of properties emphasized by each habitat specificity index for evaluation of patches in a biodiversity context is discussed. Core habitat specificity is emphasized as an ecologically interpretable measure that specifically addresses patch uniqueness while habitat specificity weighted by species number combines species richness and species composition in ways relevant for conservation biological assessment. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Modeling the water budget in a deep caldera lake and its hydrologic assessment: Lake Ikeda, Japan

The hydrologic assessment of a lake water budget can be helpful in achieving proper water management and sustainable water use. A model to analyze a lake water budget was developed and verified for Lake Ikeda, Japan. Lake evaporation was estimated by numerical analyses of lake water temperature and the lake energy budget. Inflow from the lake catchment area and leakage from the lake bottom were estimated based on the tank model and Darcy's law, and the model parameters were optimized by the shuffled complex evolution method. The estimated monthly lake evaporation rate is consistent with the evaporation rate estimated by the energy budget Bowen ratio method based on in situ data from 2004 to 2005. Moreover, the calculated time series of daily lake levels agrees well with those of measured lake levels during 1983 to 1999. Thus, the model is useful for evaluating the lake water budget. Numerical analysis reveals seasonal and annual variation characteristics in the water budget components. Precipitation, inflow from the catchment area, and river water supply are generally high during the rainy season from June to July with substantial annual variation. Lake evaporation is greatest in October and least in April, but the annual variation is relatively small. Agricultural water use is relatively high from April to September. There are no marked seasonal changes in leakage and drinking water use. The lake level is generally highest in September and lowest in March, which is characterized by seasonal changes in water budget components. The model was also applied to 17-year simulations under hypothetical hydrologic conditions to examine the effect of water use and agricultural water management on the lake level. Results indicate that river water supply, provided under the agricultural water management system, effectively compensates for the decrease in lake water resulting from agricultural water use.     

Combined use of optical and radar satellite data for the detection of tillage and irrigation operations: Case study in Central Morocco

The objective of this study is to present a new application of optical and radar remote sensing with high spatial (∼10 m) and temporal (a few days) resolutions for the detection of tillage and irrigation operations. The analysis was performed for irrigated wheat crops in the semi-arid Tensift/Marrakech plain (Central Morocco) using three FORMOSAT-2 images and two ASAR images acquired within one week at the beginning of the 2005/2006 agricultural season.The approach we developed uses simple mapping algorithms (band thresholding and decision tree) for the characterisation of soil surface states. The first images acquired by FORMOSAT and ASAR were processed to classify fields into three main categories: ploughed (in depth), prepared to be sown (harrowed), and not ploughed-not harrowed. This information was combined with a change detection analysis based on multitemporal images to identify harrowing and irrigation operations which occurred between two satellite observations.The performance of the algorithm was evaluated using data related to land use and agricultural practices collected on 124 fields. The analysis shows that drastic changes of surface states caused by ploughing or irrigation are detected without ambiguity (consistency index of 96%). This study provided evidence that optical and radar data contain complementary information for the detection of agricultural operations at the beginning of agricultural season. This information could be useful in regional decision support systems to refine crop calendars and to improve prediction of crop water needs over large areas.     

农业车辆视觉实际导航环境识别与分

分析了对路径识别影响较大的变光照环境、杂草环境和阴影环境对农业车辆导航路径的影响,提出一种实际环境中的农业车辆视觉导航研究方法,即先采用神经网络算法对农田环境进行自动分类,然后再相应的选择不同的路径识别方法进行处理.环境识别与分类试验结果证明,该方法能够提高农业车辆视觉导航系统的实用性和可靠性,导航环境的分类准确率为95%,单幅图像平均耗时23 ms.     

以项目示范为依托，开创农机化工作新局面

北海市农机化技术推广站以项目创建农机科技致富示范村为依托．结合农业生产和农民需求。组织技术指导员和农机科技人员。对科技示范户及农民进行“面对面,点对点”的科技指导和技术服务,开创农机化工作新局面。     

发挥农业综合开发“助推器”作用做大做强龙虾产业

盱眙县境内湖泊众多,水产资源十分丰富。著名的“盱眙龙虾”集养殖、加工、销售于一体的经济已成为当地主导产业,对发展农村经济、增加农民收入起着重要作用。盱眙农业综合开发紧紧围绕做大做强龙虾产业,通过建基地、办市场、扶企业、强产业。发挥农业开发“助推器”作用,促进了龙虾生产与销售,加速了龙虾产业的发展。     

瞄准问题，突出实践，力推农业综合开发科学发展

当前,全球金融危机对我国农业发展的冲击,深刻变化的国际环境,艰巨繁重的发展任务,复杂多样的社会矛盾对农业综合开发工作提出了新的要求。面对新的形势和任务,如何实现农业综合开发沿着正确方向科学发展。对此,城步苗族自治县农业综合开发办联系实际,紧抓这一历史机遇,努力实现农业综合开发科学跨越。