化学信息素对散居型东亚飞蝗聚集行为的影响

散居型是东亚飞蝗的一个重要生态型。对散居型蝗虫行为的深入研究为飞蝗的防治和预报提供重要依据。采用行为生物测定和触角电位测定（EAG）的方法对来自于群居型和散居型蝗虫的化学信息素对散居型东亚飞蝗聚集行为的影响进行了初步研究。研究结果认为,群居型蝗蝻粪便释放出的化学信息素对散居型蝗蝻有明显的聚集作用;散居型蝗蝻对所测试的不同龄期群居型蝗蝻信息素均表现出明显的电生理反应,其中粪便抽提物的电生理活性较强,散居型蝗蝻对来自于相同龄期或较高龄期的群居型蝗蝻的化学信息素的电生理反应较强,其中,雄性比雌性敏感;群居型成蝗粪便信息素抽提物对散居蝗蝻有明显的电生理活性,雄性成蝗释放出的化学信息素电生理活性较高;散居型蝗蝻对来自于散居型蝗虫的化学信息素也有一定电生理反应,但反应不明显。散居型飞蝗的行为和型变与环境中的化学信息有密切关系,进一步深入研究十分必要。     

丹参旋心异跗莹叶甲空间分布型研究

为了掌握旋心异跗莹叶甲的生态学特性和有效的田间抽样技术,对旋心异跗莹叶甲成虫在丹参地的空间分布型和抽样技术进行调查与研究。结果表明,旋心异跗莹叶甲成虫在丹参地的空间分布符合负二项分布;聚集度指标检验表明,空间分布图式是聚集分布,当虫口密度较小时,聚集分布由环境因素引起,当虫口密度较大时,聚集分布原因受环境因素的差异与昆虫自身聚集习性的综合影响;Iwao的m*-m直线回归法分析及Toylar的幂的法则进一步说明,种群在田间空间分布格局为聚集分布,成虫个体间相互排斥,种群在一切密度下都是聚集分布,而且具有密度依赖性;并拟合了成虫田间的理论抽样数学模型。     

丹参旋心异跗莹叶甲空间分布型研究

为了掌握旋心异跗莹叶甲的生态学特性和有效的田间抽样技术,对旋心异跗莹叶甲成虫在丹参地的空间分布型和抽样技术进行调查与研究。结果表明,旋心异跗莹叶甲成虫在丹参地的空间分布符合负二项分布;聚集度指标检验表明,空间分布图式是聚集分布,当虫口密度较小时,聚集分布是由环境因素引起的,当虫口密度较大时聚集分布原因受环境因素的差异与昆虫自身聚集习性的综合影响;Iwao的m*-m直线回归法分析及Toylar的幂的法则进一步说明,种群在田间空间分布格局为聚集分布,成虫个体间相互排斥,种群在一切密度下都是聚集分布,而且具有密度依赖性;并拟合了成虫田间的理论抽样数学模型。     

增长极理论与农业产业空间布局研究

为进一步解决农业资源分散、产业布局零乱等问题,进行增长极理论与农业产业空间布局研究,本研究基于增长极理论聚集和扩散效应,以武乡县、孝义市为研究对象,构建不同发展模式的农业产业空间布局.将农业产业空间布局划分为突出区位优势和主导产业的空间布局、以产业链为重要支撑空间布局、以产业园区或基地为载体空间布局和以农业产业强镇为载...     

长白落叶松无性系选择生理指标的研究

在人工气候室中测定了长落叶松９个无性系的多个光合性能和氮素代谢指标。结果表明,长白落叶松不同无性系间各指标变异较大,且与生长性状密切相关。生长快的无性系净光合速率、呼吸速率、真正光合速率、最大净光合速率、光饱和点一半强时的净光合速率、净光合速率的光响应强度、硝酸还原酶活力、叶绿素含量、氨太氮及总氮含量均高,生长慢的无性系各指标均低。回归分析表明,净光合速率、最大净光合速率等与生长的相关系数较高,呼     

The Effects of Pentoxifylline on Equine Platelet Aggregation

Background: Pentoxifylline (PTX) possesses a number of vasomotor, immunomodulatory, and hemorheologic properties. Based upon the hypothesis that equine laminitis and navicular disease result from microthrombosis, the inhibitory effects of PTX on inflammatory cytokines, and its inhibitory effects on human platelet aggregation, PTX has been widely used to treat equine endotoxemia, navicular disease, and laminitis. Despite this, the effects of PTX on equine platelet aggregation have not been investigated previously. Hypothesis: PTX decreases platelet aggregation in equine whole blood at concentrations approximating those achieved in horses given clinically relevant doses of PTX. Animals: Seven healthy adult horses from a research herd. Methods: Whole blood impedance aggregometry using whole equine blood incubated with varying concentrations of PTX. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and collagen were used to initiate aggregation. Results: The onset time of collagen‐induced equine platelet aggregation was significantly shortened by PTX. The maximum slope of resistance change (dR/dt) and total resistance change of collagen‐induced platelet aggregation were unaffected by PTX. No effects of PTX on ADP‐induced onset time of aggregation, dR/dt, or total resistance change were observed. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Our hypothesis is not supported by the results. PTX hastens the onset of collagen‐induced platelet aggregation in equine whole blood, but has no effect on the rate of collagen‐induced aggregation. PTX does not affect ADP‐dependent equine platelet aggregation. Given these findings, PTX may not be a reasonable therapeutic option to decrease platelet aggregation in horses.     

安徽省芜湖市统筹城乡发展问题研究

芜湖市城乡发展现状和存在的主要矛盾,对芜湖市统筹城乡发展的基本思路、目标任务进行了深入分析,并在此基础上提出了对策建议。     

Recolonization of methyl-bromide sterilized soils by plant and soil nematodes over 52 months

Recolonization of soils by organisms is dependent not only on biological factors but also on site factors including soil and vegetation. The total nematode populations in soil sterilized 52 months earlier with methyl bromide ranged from 77 to 123% of those in untreated soil; both vegetation and rainfall appear to have been important factors in the recolonization. In a high-rainfall pasture the dominant plant-feeding nematode Helicotylenchus did not recolonize and was replaced by Paratylenchus. Under high rainfall, Iotonchus failed to recolonize either pasture or forest, but Clarkus recolonized well. While indices such as the maturity index, the summed maturity index, PPI, the ratio of fungal: bacterial feeding nematodes, species richness, the Shannon-Weaver index, and indices of evenness, dominance, and diversity showed various effects, none gave consistent trends; rainfall and vegetation probably exerted too much influence. In the light of trends in our data, in data for other ecosystems, and the reality of r-K strategies in animals, it may not be reasonable to expect a global nematode index of soil health or ecosystem condition. While a nematode index may be useful in local or regional studies, research efforts may be better directed towards elucidating key populations of nematodes for investigating the impact of particular land management practices on ecosystem sustainability.     

Physiological and molecular characterisation of microbial communities associated with different water-stable aggregate size classes

We determined if the structure and function of microbial communities associated with different aggregate size classes was influenced when the aggregate formation occurred under either nitrogen (N) limitation (straw only incubation treatment) or carbon (C) limitation (straw+N incubation treatment). Using a combination of community-level physiological (BD Oxygen Biosensor assay) and molecular (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism; T-RFLP) profiling methods, we found differences in both microbial community composition and the physiological response of these communities between different aggregate size classes. The response of fungal and bacterial communities to ‘straw only’ and ‘straw+N’ treatments differed in that bacterial community composition was affected by the treatments, whereas fungal community composition was not. The magnitude of change in the bacterial community response increased with decreasing aggregate size. However, there were no significant differences in the mean bacterial community richness (number of different terminal restriction fragments; TRFs) between different aggregate size classes for the two treatments. In general, microbial communities associated with larger aggregate size fractions (large and small macroaggregates) were found to have a significantly faster respiratory response than the communities associated with microaggregates. Application of the fungal inhibitor cycloheximide resulted in a significant reduction in the utilization of cellulose, chitin, mannose, xylan, and xylose by the microbial communities associated with all aggregate size classes, indicating that fungi are significant contributors to the utilization of these compounds. Our results demonstrate that the BD Oxygen Biosensor assay offers a valuable new tool for community level physiological profiling. When used in combination with census-based methods such as T-RFLP, a greater level of resolution can be achieved.     

Organic resource quality influences short-term aggregate dynamics and soil organic carbon and nitrogen accumulation

Organic C inputs and their rate of stabilization influence C sequestration and nutrient cycling in soils. This study was undertaken to explore the influence of the combined application of different quality organic resources (ORs) with N fertilizers on the link between aggregate dynamics and soil organic C (SOC) and soil N. A mesocosm experiment was conducted in Embu, central Kenya where 4 Mg C ha⁻¹ of Tithonia diversifolia (high quality), Calliandra calothyrsus (intermediate quality) and Zea mays (maize; low quality) were applied to soil compared to a no-input control. Each treatment was fertilized with 120 kg N ha⁻¹ as urea [(NH₂)₂CO] or not fertilized. The soils used in the mesocosms were obtained from a three-year old-field experiment in which the same treatments as in the mesocosm were applied annually. No crops were grown in both the mesocosms and the thee-year field experiment. Soil samples were collected at zero, two, five and eight months after installation of the mesocosms and separated into four aggregate size fractions by wet sieving. Macroaggregates were further fractionated to isolate the microaggregates-within-macroaggregates; all soils and fractions were analyzed for SOC and N. The addition of ORs increased soil aggregation and whole SOC and soil N compared to the control and sole N fertilizer treatments. There were no differences among different OR qualities for whole SOC or soil N, but maize alone resulted in greater mean weight diameter (MWD), macroaggregate SOC and N than sole added Calliandra. The addition of N fertilizer only influenced SOC and soil N dynamics in combination with maize where SOC, soil N and aggregation were lower with the addition of N fertilizer, indicating an increased decomposition and loss of SOC and soil N due to a faster aggregate turnover after addition of N fertilizer. In conclusion, compared to high quality ORs, low quality ORs result in greater aggregate stability and a short-term accumulation of macroaggregate SOC and N. However, the addition of N fertilizers negates these effects of low quality ORs.