Identification of a new family of tandem repeats in Triticeae genomes

A new family of cereal tandem repeats was isolated, characterised and designated as spelt-1. The family of repeats comprises about 2% of the Aegilops speltoides genome; however, its content differs considerably in the genomes of various Triticeae species. Copy number of the constituent sequence, relative to Ae. speltoides, proved to be 40-60 times reduced in the genomes of tetraploid wheats, 400-fold reduced in the genome of Triticum monococcum, and 1200-2400 times in the genomes of the other 19 Triticeae species studied. Drastic difference in the copy number and homology extent of the spelt-1 family sequences between Ae. speltoides and other diploid species allows the utilisation of these sequences as species-specific telomeric markers for Ae. speltoides, provided stringent hybridisation conditions apply. RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphisms) analysis of spelt-1 reveals polymorphism between the above species. This study of spelt-1 organisation in different Triticum species provided further substantiation of the polyphyletic origin of the B genome of polyploid wheat. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

土壤水分对入侵植物节节麦表型可塑性和化感作用的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,研究土壤含水量在75%～80%（CK）、55%～60%（MD）和45%～50%（SD）土壤田间持水量条件下对入侵植物节节麦植株表型可塑性及化感作用的影响,探讨节节麦对土壤水分变化的响应机理,为其入侵机制研究提供理论依据。结果表明：节节麦植株总生物量随土壤含水量的降低呈下降变化,至SD时,较CK减少21.19 %。此外,叶生物量比、平均叶面积、相对生长速率及净同化效率均随土壤含水量的降低而减小,而根、穗生物量比、根冠比及水分利用效率则呈逐渐增大变化。化感效应指数显示,随土壤含水量的降低,节节麦不同部位水浸提液的化感作用整体呈先升后降的变化。研究表明,节节麦通过生物量分配模式及对化感物质投入的改变对土壤水分变化有一定的适应能力。     

节节麦幼胚再生体系的建立

为建立高效的节节麦幼胚再生体系,以节节麦幼胚为外植体,通过正交设计,探索基本培养基、2,4-D、碳源、KT等因素对幼胚愈伤组织诱导、分化及植株再生效果的影响。结果表明,4种因素中,基本培养基对节节麦幼胚愈伤组织诱导的影响最显著(P0.05),2,4-D浓度对节节麦幼胚愈伤组织诱导也有显著影响(P0.05),添加3.0mg·L~(-1) 2,4-D的培养基诱导出的愈伤组织质量高,淡黄色,表面呈不规则颗粒状,质地致密,再生频率可以达到17.62%。KT浓度对节节麦愈伤分化影响最显著,基本培养基、2,4-D和碳源对节节麦幼胚愈伤分化均无显著影响。不同碳源对节节麦幼胚愈伤组织诱导和分化的影响均不显著,为节约成本可直接选用30g·L~(-1)蔗糖作为碳源。节节麦幼胚组织培养的最佳组合是:愈伤诱导培养基为MS培养基+3mg·L~(-1) 2,4-D+15g·L~(-1)蔗糖+15g·L~(-1)甘露醇,愈伤分化培养基为MS培养基+15g·L~(-1)蔗糖+15g·L~(~(-1))甘露醇+1.0mg·L~(-1) KT。     

模拟酸雨与Cd对紫萼膜脂过氧化及形态特征的影响

为了解酸雨与Cd复合污染对紫萼膜脂过氧化及形态特征的影响,本试验采用土培的方式,人工模拟pH分别为6.5,5.5,4.5,3.5,2.5梯度酸雨与不同浓度(0,10,30,50,100 mg/kg)Cd复合胁迫紫萼,从植物形态特征,质膜过氧化,抗氧化方面的响应研究复合污染对植物的生理生态影响特点。结果表明,复合污染比单一污染对植物伤害更大,二者间存在明显的交互作用,并非简单的加和作用,更多地表现为协同作用,高强度复合污染对紫萼的影响更大。紫萼对低强度酸雨和低浓度Cd污染有一定耐受性。Cd对植物的影响比酸雨更显著,是复合污染下造成植物伤害的主要因素。CAT活性对Cd污染比SOD敏感;Cd浓度为30 mg/kg和酸雨pH=3.5是植物可见伤害的临界值。综合各指标对复合污染的响应,紫萼可作为酸雨区土壤Cd污染背景下修复植物的选择。     

黄河中游粗山羊草三种y-型高分子量谷蛋白亚基的鉴定、克隆及系统进化分析

粗山羊草(Aegilops tauschii, 2n = 2x = 14, DD)是六倍体普通小麦的祖先之一,其高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)变异类型丰富,是小麦品质改良的重要基因资源。利用十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)分析了黄河中游地区161份粗山羊草的HMW-GS,发现3种编码序列未知的y-型亚基,即Dy10.5^t、Dy10.4^t和Dy10.5^*t亚基。通过AS-PCR扩增、克隆、测序和氨基酸序列推导,发现3种未知序列均具有典型HMW-GS的序列结构特征且较为相似,仅Dy10.4^t与Dy10.5^t亚基存在一个氨基酸重复单元的缺失,Dy10.5^t与Dy10.5^*t亚基在信号肽部位有一个氨基酸的替换(L-F)。通过对这3种HMW-GS与32个已知氨基酸序列的HMW-GS多序列比对和系统进化关系分析,证实Dy10.5^t、Dy10.4^t和Dy10.5^*t 3个亚基是D基因组编码的高分子量谷蛋白y-型亚基家族的新成员。     

偏凸山羊草和硬粒小麦远缘杂交后代高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基分析

以偏凸山羊草和硬粒小麦(Sauwne20)远缘杂交F6代的30个株系为试材,用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)法鉴定分析了杂交后代高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成.结果表明:F6株系Glu-1位点变异较大,出现了17种亚基类型.在杂交后代中出现了1、2*、13+16、5+10等优质亚基,其中1亚基频率高达77.4%;5+10亚基频率高达74.2%;同时还出现了7、6+8、7+8+21、13+16+21等稀有亚基.64.8%株系的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基品质评分高达10分.     

节节麦居群间的籽粒性状变异及相关性分析

为了给节节麦的遗传研究提供信息,对来自中东地区及中国陕西、河南及新疆的214份节节麦材料的籽粒性状的变异及相关性进行了分析。结果表明,中东地区和中国新疆的节节麦籽粒性状的变异系数均高于河南和陕西的节节麦;通过对四个地区节节麦籽粒的粒长、粒宽、粒厚和粒重的平均值做单因素方差分析及S-N-K多重比较,并对上述四个形态指标的平均值做聚类分析,结果显示,新疆节节麦单独聚为一类,中东地区、陕西和河南的节节麦聚为一类,其中河南和陕西的相似性更为一致。同时对四个地区节节麦籽粒的粒形(长、宽、厚)与其粒重进行了相关性分析,结果显示,中东地区和新疆节节麦粒重主要取决于其粒长,河南节节麦粒重则主要取决于其粒宽,而陕西节节麦粒重与其粒长呈负相关,主要取决于其粒宽和粒厚。     

利用比较基因组学开发山羊草属InDel分子标记

为开发和利用小麦野生近缘种的有益基因, 采用比较基因组学方法, 通过拟斯卑尔脱山羊草EST(expressed sequence tag)与小麦UniGene序列的比对分析, 发现山羊草插入/缺失(InDel)位点137个, 在这些位点两端序列设计引物24对, 通过在15个小麦野生近缘属种基因组DNA的扩增分析, 发现11对引物具多态性, 可以作为InDel标记。这些包含突变位点的基因涉及亚细胞定位、蛋白质结合与催化以及代谢等过程。     

耐低钾山羊草基因型的筛选与鉴定

为研究小麦近缘属种的耐低钾特性,分析不同山羊草(Aegilops)耐低钾胁迫下各生理指标的差异,筛选和鉴定耐低钾基因型。本试验通过砂培法,以9种不同基因型山羊草为供试材料,采用改进的Hoagland营养液,设低钾(0.02mmol·L~(-1) KCl)和正常供钾(2.0mmol·L~(-1) KCl)两个水平进行试验。对相对根冠比、相对根长、相对地上部干重、相对钾积累量和相对钾利用效率5个指标进行相关分析和主成分分析,筛选出3个综合指标进行山羊草耐低钾基因型的鉴定。结果发现,不同基因型山羊草对低钾胁迫存在显著的差异。地上部干重、钾积累量和钾利用效率可以作为苗期耐低钾种质筛选的重要指标。综合评价结果表明:双角山羊草(Ae.bicornis)、偏凸山羊草(Ae.ventricosa)、粗厚山羊草(Ae.crassa)、拟斯卑尔托山羊草(Ae.speltoides)、尾状山羊草(Ae.caudata)、粘果山羊草(Ae.kotschyi)、易变山羊草(Ae.variabilis)、欧山羊草(Ae.biuncialis)、小伞山羊草(Ae.umbellulata)的综合评价值(D值)分别为0.383,0.898,0.327,0.516,0.007,0.682,0.338,0.346,0.655。由此可知,其中偏凸山羊草耐低钾胁迫能力最强,其次是粘果山羊草,尾状山羊草耐低钾胁迫能力最弱。通过本试验,初步建立了山羊草耐低钾种质的评价指标,为进一步研究山羊草的耐低钾分子机制,以及小麦育种上利用耐低钾山羊草种质提供了材料和理论依据。     

Mapping of Aegilops umbellulata‐derived leaf rust and stripe rust resistance loci in wheat

Aegilops umbellulata, a non‐progenitor diploid species, is an excellent source of resistance to various wheat diseases. Leaf rust and stripe rust resistance genes from A. umbellulata were transferred to the susceptible wheat cultivar WL711 through induced homoeologous pairing. A doubly resistant introgression line IL 393‐4 was crossed with wheat cultivar PBW343 to develop a mapping population. Tests on BC₂F₇ RILs indicated monogenic inheritance of seedling leaf rust and stripe rust resistance in IL 393‐4 and the respective co‐segregating genes were tentatively named LrUmb and YrUmb. Bulked segregant analysis placed LrUmb and YrUmb in chromosome 5DS, 7.6 cM distal to gwm190. Aegilops geniculata‐derived and completely linked leaf rust and stripe rust resistance genes Lr57 and Yr40 were previously located in chromosome 5DS. STS marker Lr57/Yr40MAS‐CAPS16 (Lr57/Yr40‐CAPS16), linked with Lr57/Yr40 (T756) also co‐segregated with LrUmb/YrUmb. Seedling infection types differentiated LrUmb from Lr57. Absence of leaf rust‐susceptible segregants among F₃ families of the intercross (IL 393‐4/T756) indicated repulsion linkage between LrUmb and Lr57. YrUmb expressed a consistently low seedling response under greenhouse conditions, whereas Yr40 expressed a higher seedling response. Based on the origin of LrUmb/YrUmb from the U genome and Lr57/Yr40 from the M genome, as well as phenotypic differences, LrUmb and YrUmb were formally named Lr76 and Yr70, respectively. These genes have been transferred to Indian wheat cultivars PBW343 and PBW550, and advanced breeding lines are being tested in state and national trials.