Genetic polymorphisms at Gli-Dt gliadin loci in Aegilops tauschii as revealed by acid polyacrylamide gel and capillary electrophoresis

Gliadin variation at Gli‐D^t1 and Gli‐D^t2 loci in 198 Aegilops tauschii accessions was studied by acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (A‐PAGE) and capillary electrophoresis (CE). High genetic polymorphisms were found at both gliadin coding loci, revealing a total of 184 and 169 gliadin variants at the Gli‐D^t1 and Gli‐D^t2 loci, respectively. In particular, 12 gliadin blocks encoded by different alleles were apparently expressed and readily identified in six synthetic hexaploids produced by hybridization between Triticum durum and Ae. tauschii accessions. Compared with Ae. tauschii ssp. eusquarrosa, the gliadin profile of the D genome in Ae. tauschii ssp. strangulata more resembles that of T. aestivum, supporting the view that the subspecies strangulata is the most likely progenitor of bread wheat. Capillary electrophoresis analysis showed that the method is capable of separating and characterizing gliadins with speed, in high resolution using small sample amounts, and is well‐suited to detect protein alleles and to identify desirable genotypes in wheat quality improvement.     

Evaluation for resistance to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis in Aegilops tauschii Coss. and synthetic hexaploid wheat amphiploids

Summary A total of 59 diploid Aegilops tauschii Coss. (syn. Aegilops sguarrosa auct. non L.) and 39 synthetic hexaploid wheat accessions were evaluated for reaction to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs. in a controlled environment, and classified using a disease rating system based on lesion type. 27 Ae. tauschii and 20 synthetic wheats were found to be resistant to tan spot disease. The overall mean disease ratings of Ae. tauschii and the synthetic wheat lines scored on a scale of 1 (resistant) to 5 (susceptible) were 1.80 and 2.38, respectively. Synthetic wheats generally showed a decrease in resistance, although several lines of synthetic wheat expressed a higher resistance than the diploid parents. Five synthetic wheat lines exhibited higher resistance than the standard resistant common wheat cultivar Red Chief.     

禾谷缢管蚜取食5种山羊草的诱导抗性

【目的】研究5种山羊草（Aegilops）对禾谷缢管蚜（Rhopalosiphum padi）取食的诱导性抗性机理,探索多酚氧化酶（PPO）、过氧化物酶（POD）与苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）的诱导性抗性及协同抗蚜性,探索利用禾谷缢管蚜取食产生的叶片受害斑点面积进行抗性评价的可行性。【方法】利用薄层层析定量分析芦竹碱、紫外分光光度计测定PPO、POD、PAL酶活,用PHOTOSHOP 7.0估算受害斑点面积等。【结果】不同抗性野生山羊草旗叶受害斑点面积大小具有一定的规律性且与蚜量比值呈极显著正相关（r=0.951**）,与山羊草抗蚜性密切相关。在蚜虫取食诱导后,不同抗性水平的植株体内PPO、POD及PAL的酶活提高率随物种抗性水平的增加而增加,且与蚜量比值表现出一定的负相关;而与受害斑点面积表现出显著负相关,其多元逐步回归方程为Yarea＝0.187－0.0356XPOD [F=17.0065,F0.05（1,3）=10.1,F0.01（1,3）=34.1];PPO酶活诱导性提高率与蚜量比值的相关有56.37％是由POD协同作用而产生的,反之则为46.85％。在蚜虫取食诱导后,山羊草芦竹碱的含量提高率与蚜量比值呈显著的负相关,相关系数分别为－0.884*。【结论】蚜虫取食危害产生的叶片受害斑点面积大小与小麦抗蚜性密切相关。PPO、POD、PAL酶活提高率与蚜虫取食诱导有关。PPO与POD在山羊草抗蚜性方面具有协同作用。芦竹碱对禾谷缢管蚜种群数量发展具有一定的抑制作用。     

黄河中游地区粗山羊草高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成分析

为了解黄河中游地区粗山羊草的高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)遗传多样性,应用SDS-PAGE技术分析了56份粗山羊草Glu-Dt1位点的HMW-GS组成,检测到3种x-型亚基(5t,6.2t,null)和3种y-型亚基(10.5t,10.4t,10.3t)。其中6.2t类型是新的x-型亚基。供试粗山羊草共发现3种HMW-GS组合类型5t 10.5t,6.2t 10.4t,null 10.3t,它们的比例分别是91.07%,7.14%,1.79%。表明该地区粗山羊草的高分子量谷蛋白亚基有一定变异。     

Genetic mapping of the Acph1 locus in Aegilops tauschii

The Acph1 locus of Aegilops tauschii encodes a new electrophoretically ‘fast’ acid phosphatase, whose allelic variation could well be involved in intraspecies differentiation. Genetic mapping via microsatellite (simple sequence repeat) analysis revealed that Acph1 is tightly linked with the marker Xgwm157 near the centromere region of chromosome 2.     

节节麦与野生燕麦杂交研究

节节麦Aegilops tauschii (Coss·) Sch,2n=2x=14与通北野生燕麦Avena fatua L·2n=6x=42直接杂交成功。F_1有两株,一株优势很强,成穗143个,另一株生长很弱,从苗期开始脚叶就逐渐黄化,成穗14个。经花粉母细胞镜检表明,生长势很强的杂种,是自然加倍的双2倍体,染色体数为2n=8x=56。生长弱的杂种植株,是7倍体,染色体数基本上是2n=7x=49。这2株杂种芒长在护颖和外颖的背上,具有燕麦族芒长在外颖背上的族的特征性状。这2株杂种对国内白粉菌小种均表现免疫。节节麦及其他山羊草种,基本上是不抗白粉病的。7倍体植株的结实率极低。     

Use of the gene pools of Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides and Aegilops squarrosa for the breeding of common wheat (T. aestivum), through chromosome-doubled hybrids

Summary Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides (wild emmer wheat, AABB, 2n=28) and Aegilops squarrosa (goat grass, DD, 2n=14) comprise a rich reservoir of valuable genetic material, which could be useful for the breeding of common wheat (T. aestivum, AABBDD, 2n=42). Many accessions of both wild species, most of them selected for resistance to stripe rust, were used to make amphiploids. Two strategies were applied: (1) the production of autopolyploid cytotypes of the wild species, followed by hybridisation, and (2) the production of allotriploid interspecific hybrids, followed by doubling of the number of chromosomes. The first route was unsuccessful because of failure of the crosses between the autopolyploid cytotypes, possibly due to incongruity between the two species and to reduced fertility in the autopolyploid cytotypes. The second route yielded the desired synthetic hexaploids. However, the rate of success of the crosses was low and there were great differences between years, and within years between crosses. Embryo rescue was applied to obtain the primary hybrids (2n=21), which were highly sterile and had on average 0.3 bivalents and 20.4 univalents per pollen mother cell. Various abnormalities were recorded. Doubling of the number of chromosomes sometimes occurred spontaneously or was brought about by colchicine treatment. The large scale of the interspecific hybridisation programme ensured that one-third of the female and one-sixth of the male accessions were represented in the synthetic hexaploids.     

小麦与钩刺山羊草杂种的育性,抗病性和细胞遗传学研究

钩刺山羊草高抗条锈、叶锈等病害。以钩刺山羊草为母本与小麦品种鲁麦１５杂交,杂交结实率为５５．２６％,利用鲁麦１５作父本与杂种Ｆ１回交结实率为２２．０９％。Ｆ１和Ｆ２的自交结实率分别为１３．８％和８．２５％。细胞学观察结果表明,Ｆ１、Ｆ２和ＢＣ１ＰＭＣ ＭＩ的平均染色体构型分别为２５．３４Ｉ＋４．２３Ⅱ＋０．１２Ⅲ＋０．２１Ⅳ、１８．６２Ｉ＋９．１３Ⅱ＋０．０７Ⅲ＋０．４２Ⅳ和８．５６Ｉ＋１６．８１     

Evaluation and characterization of high-molecular weight 1D glutenin subunits from Aegilops tauschii in synthetic hexaploid wheats

The high-molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits of bread wheat are major determinants of end-use quality. The objective of this study was to determine the 1Dx and 1Dy subunits present in 43 synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW) lines derived by crossing durum ‘Langdon’ to 43 Aegilops tauschii accessions. Protein samples were initially electrophoresed multiple times on SDS-PAGE gels to arrange subunits into similar groups and then were electrophoresed on urea/SDS-PAGE gels. Initial results with SDS-PAGE gels indicated that there were six 1Dx and six 1Dy subunits in these SHW lines. However, results of the urea/SDS-PAGE indicated that some of the subunit groups could be further differentiated into additional subunits. A total of eleven 1Dx and eight 1Dy subunits including the newly designated subunits 1Dx2^t-1, 1Dx2^t-2, 1Dx2^t-3, 1Dx1.5^t-1, 1Dx2.1^t-1, 1Dy10^t-1, and 1Dy12^t-1 were identified, and they composed 17 1Dx and 1Dy combinations in the SHW lines. Eight of the combinations included at least one novel subunit and hence they were novel Glu-D1 alleles. Our results indicated that urea/SDS-PAGE can be very useful in identifying new HMW glutenin subunits. Quality testing of the SHW lines will determine if any of the alleles are useful in improving wheat-baking quality.     

波斯小麦×节节麦杂种F_1直接形成双二倍体的细胞遗传学研究

波斯小麦(Triticum carthlicum,AABB)与节节麦(Aegilops tauschii,DD)杂交,杂种 F_1出现可育性。不同组合的自交结实率21.25—39.72%。细胞学研究表明,可育性是由于杂种 F_1通过两种途径形成了未减数配子:第一,一部分花粉母细胞第一次分裂消失,只发生第二次分裂。即21条染色体集中到赤道面上之后,姊妹染色单体均等分离并移向