节节麦不同生育期叶片蜡质组成和超微形态的变化

为了解节节麦(Aegilops tauschii Coss.)不同生育期叶片表皮蜡质组成及晶体形态的变化,对节节麦叶片蜡质进行提取,利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用仪和气相色谱-火焰离子化检测仪(GC-FID)对蜡质进行了定性和定量分析,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)对叶片表面蜡质晶体形态进行了观察。结果表明,节节麦叶表皮蜡质经GC-MS分析,共鉴定出化合物21种,主要以初级醇为主(苗期、抽穗期和灌浆期相对含量分别为85%、84%和70%),并含有少量的烷烃、醛、酮和脂肪酸;随着节节麦的生长发育,蜡质总量不断积累,烷烃含量极显著地升高,其中以C29烷烃的增加最明显,而初级醇含量显著降低,其中C26醇的相对含量降低最明显(苗期、抽穗期和灌浆期相对含量分别为80%、76%和63%),其他各类化合物组分变化不大。经扫描电镜观察,节节麦叶片近轴和远轴面的蜡质晶体形态无明显差别,苗期均为片状,抽穗期大部分仍以片状形态存在,并且蜡质晶体的密集程度比苗期稀疏,灌浆期蜡质晶体的密集程度变得更加稀疏。这些变化可能与抽穗期、灌浆期烷烃含量的增加和初级醇含量的减少有关。     

Variation for apparent amylose content of endosperm starch in Triticum durum and Aegilops squarrosa

For breeding to increase amylose content in the starch of hexaploid wheat, either the introduction of genes from Aegilops squarrosa (DD genome) or the development of high-amylose amphiploids between Triticum durum (AABB genome) and Ae. squarrosa is one of the most efficient ways. The high-amylose genes have not been detected in any species of Triticum and Aegilops. Therefore, we assessed the apparent amylose content in endosperm starch of T. durum and Ae. squarrosa accessions supplied from the major gene banks from world wide, and found several accessions with higher amylose content out of 665 T. durum accessions and out of 732 Ae. squarrosa accessions. Genetic analysis indicated that a high amylose trait in Ae. squarrosa is monogenically inherited by a recessive major gene. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

土壤水分对入侵植物节节麦表型可塑性和化感作用的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,研究土壤含水量在75%～80%（CK）、55%～60%（MD）和45%～50%（SD）土壤田间持水量条件下对入侵植物节节麦植株表型可塑性及化感作用的影响,探讨节节麦对土壤水分变化的响应机理,为其入侵机制研究提供理论依据。结果表明：节节麦植株总生物量随土壤含水量的降低呈下降变化,至SD时,较CK减少21.19 %。此外,叶生物量比、平均叶面积、相对生长速率及净同化效率均随土壤含水量的降低而减小,而根、穗生物量比、根冠比及水分利用效率则呈逐渐增大变化。化感效应指数显示,随土壤含水量的降低,节节麦不同部位水浸提液的化感作用整体呈先升后降的变化。研究表明,节节麦通过生物量分配模式及对化感物质投入的改变对土壤水分变化有一定的适应能力。     

不同山羊草细胞质效应的比较研究

以 2 4种不同山羊草细胞质的稳定同核异质杂种为材料 ,进行了植株生长特性、病害抗性、抗低温能力、光合特性、主要农艺性状、自交育性和种子蛋白质含量等方面的比较研究。同时 ,还分析了异源细胞质效应的遗传特点 ,指出了生产上有应用价值的细胞质材料     

外源细胞质诱导小麦单倍体的机理与应用研究——Ⅱ.Ptg基因的表达及其在小麦单倍体育种上利用途径的初步研究

本文通过对具粘果山羊草细胞质的小黑麦(AABBDDR和AABBDDRR)和1R小麦-黑麦附加系的研究,证明1BS对Ptg基因表达无抑制作用,并据此提出了一种利用染色体工程手段创造既自花结实又能诱导单倍体的异质品系的方案,为利用外源细胞质获得的大量单倍体进行小麦的单倍体育种提供了理论依据。对几个具普通小麦细胞质的1B/1R易位系的研究证明,Ptg基因在普通小麦细胞质背景下也可以表达,但外显率很低。     

耐低钾山羊草基因型的筛选与鉴定

为研究小麦近缘属种的耐低钾特性,分析不同山羊草(Aegilops)耐低钾胁迫下各生理指标的差异,筛选和鉴定耐低钾基因型。本试验通过砂培法,以9种不同基因型山羊草为供试材料,采用改进的Hoagland营养液,设低钾(0.02mmol·L~(-1) KCl)和正常供钾(2.0mmol·L~(-1) KCl)两个水平进行试验。对相对根冠比、相对根长、相对地上部干重、相对钾积累量和相对钾利用效率5个指标进行相关分析和主成分分析,筛选出3个综合指标进行山羊草耐低钾基因型的鉴定。结果发现,不同基因型山羊草对低钾胁迫存在显著的差异。地上部干重、钾积累量和钾利用效率可以作为苗期耐低钾种质筛选的重要指标。综合评价结果表明:双角山羊草(Ae.bicornis)、偏凸山羊草(Ae.ventricosa)、粗厚山羊草(Ae.crassa)、拟斯卑尔托山羊草(Ae.speltoides)、尾状山羊草(Ae.caudata)、粘果山羊草(Ae.kotschyi)、易变山羊草(Ae.variabilis)、欧山羊草(Ae.biuncialis)、小伞山羊草(Ae.umbellulata)的综合评价值(D值)分别为0.383,0.898,0.327,0.516,0.007,0.682,0.338,0.346,0.655。由此可知,其中偏凸山羊草耐低钾胁迫能力最强,其次是粘果山羊草,尾状山羊草耐低钾胁迫能力最弱。通过本试验,初步建立了山羊草耐低钾种质的评价指标,为进一步研究山羊草的耐低钾分子机制,以及小麦育种上利用耐低钾山羊草种质提供了材料和理论依据。     

小麦新种质N9628-2抗白粉病基因的SSR分析

以抗白粉病的波斯小麦-小伞山羊草双二倍体Am9为母本, 与高感白粉病的普通小麦品种陕160杂交, 并用陕160回交一次, 从其后代中选育的普通小麦种质N9628-2对陕西省关中地区白粉病流行小种关中4号表现免疫。为了明确N9628-2所携带抗性基因的遗传方式及与抗性基因连锁的分子标记, 对该种质的抗白粉病基因进行了遗传分析和SSR标记分析。用高感白粉病品种陕160、陕优225与N9628-2杂交, F₁代对白粉病均表现高抗, F2代抗感分离比例均符合3∶1, 表明N9628-2的白粉病抗性由1对显性基因控制。通过208对SSR引物对陕160 ´ N9628-2 F2代抗感分离群体的142个单株的检测, 发现位于6A上的SSR位点Xwmc553和Xwmc684在双亲和抗、感池间有特异性, 并与抗性基因连锁, 遗传距离分别是10.99和7.43 cM, 表明抗病基因可能位于6A染色体上。 用中国春部分第6同源群的缺体-四体系和双端体系进行验证, 进一步将抗性基因定位在6AS。用连锁的SSR标记和相关亲本分析表明, 该抗病基因可能来源于小伞山羊草Y39, 它不同于已有抗白粉病基因, 可能是一个新基因。     

Genetic analysis of resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">soil-borne wheat mosaic virus</Emphasis> derived from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aegilops tauschii</Emphasis>

Genetic Analysis of Resistance to Soil-Borne Wheat Mosaic Virus Derived from Aegilops tauschii. Euphytica. Soil-Borne Wheat Mosaic Virus (SBWMV), vectored by the soil inhabiting organism Polymyxa graminis, causes damage to wheat (Triticum aestivum) yields in most of the wheat growing regions of the world. In localized fields, the entire crop may be lost to the virus. Although many winter wheat cultivars contain resistance to SBWMV, the inheritance of resistance is poorly understood. A linkage analysis of a segregating recombinant inbred line population from the cross KS96WGRC40 × Wichita identified a gene of major effect conferring resistance to SBWMV in the germplasm KS96WGRC40. The SBWMV resistance gene within KS96WGRC40 was derived from accession TA2397 of Aegilops taushcii and is located on the long arm of chromosome 5D, flanked by microsatellite markers Xcfd10 and Xbarc144. The relationship of this locus with a previously identified QTL for SBWMV resistance and the Sbm1 gene conferring resistance to soil-borne cereal mosaic virus is not known, but suggests that a gene on 5DL conferring resistance to both viruses may be present in T. aestivum, as well as the D-genome donor Ae. tauschii.     

波斯小麦×节节麦杂种F_1直接形成双二倍体的细胞遗传学研究

波斯小麦(Triticum carthlicum,AABB)与节节麦(Aegilops tauschii,DD)杂交,杂种 F_1出现可育性。不同组合的自交结实率21.25—39.72%。细胞学研究表明,可育性是由于杂种 F_1通过两种途径形成了未减数配子:第一,一部分花粉母细胞第一次分裂消失,只发生第二次分裂。即21条染色体集中到赤道面上之后,姊妹染色单体均等分离并移向     

Resistance to stripe rust in Triticum turgidum,T. tauschii and their synthetic hexaploids

Resistance to stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend.) of 34 Triticum turgidum L. var.durum, 278 T. tauschii, and 267 synthetic hexaploid wheats (T. turgidum x T. tauschii) was evaluated at the seedling stage in the greenhouse and at the adult-plant stage at two field locations. Mexican pathotype 14E14 was used in all studies. Seedling resistance, expressed as low infection type, was present in all three species. One hundred and twenty-eight (46%) accessions of T. tauschii, 8 (23%) of T. turgidum and 31 (12%) of synthetic hexaploid wheats were highly resistant as seedlings. In the field tests, resistance was evaluated by estimating area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). Synthetic hexaploid wheats showed a wide range of variability for disease responses in both greenhouse and field tests, indicating the presence of a number of genes for resistance. In general, genotypes with seedling resistance were also found to be resistant as adult plants. Genotypes, which were susceptible or intermediate as seedlings but resistant as adult plants, were present in both T. turgidum and the synthetic hexaploids. Resistances from either T. turgidum or T. tauschii or both were identified in the synthetic hexaploids in this study. These new sources of resistance could be incorporated into cultivated hexaploid wheats to increase the existing gene pool of resistance to stripe rust.