粗山羊草细胞质对普通小麦细胞核的遗传效应

将粗山羊草细胞质导入普通小麦 ,研究其对普通小麦细胞核的遗传效应。结果表明 ,粗山羊草细胞质对普通小麦开花习性具有优良的作用 ;能增加小麦的株高 ,提高小穗数、穗粒数、结实率和发芽势 ,但延迟小麦的生育期 ;对其他性状影响不显著 ;粗山羊草细胞质对普通小麦细胞核之间有一定的核质杂种优势。     

Investigation of Aegilopsumbellulatafor stripe rust resistance,heading date,and the contents of iron,zinc, and gluten protein

Aegilops umbellulata (UU) is a wheat wild relative that has potential use in the genetic improvement of wheat.  In this study, 46 Ae. umbellulata accessions were investigated for stripe rust resistance, heading date (HD), and the contents of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and seed gluten proteins.  Forty-two of the accessions were classified as resistant to stripe rust, while the other four accessions were classified as susceptible to stripe rust in four environments.  The average HD of Ae. umbellulata was significantly longer than that of three common wheat cultivars (180.9 d vs. 137.0 d), with the exception of PI226500 (138.9 d).  The Ae. umbellulata accessions also showed high variability in Fe (69.74–348.09 mg kg^–1) and Zn (49.83–101.65 mg kg^–1) contents. Three accessions (viz., PI542362, PI542363, and PI554399) showed relatively higher Fe (230.96–348.09 mg kg^–1) and Zn (92.46–101.65 mg kg^–1) contents than the others.  The Fe content of Ae. umbellulata was similar to those of Ae. comosa and Ae. markgrafii but higher than those of Ae. tauschii and common wheat.  Aegilops umbellulata showed a higher Zn content than Ae. tauschii, Ae. comosa, and common wheat, but a lower content than Ae. markgrafii.  Furthermore, Ae. umbellulata had the highest proportion of γ-gliadin among all the species investigated (Ae. umbellulata vs. other species=mean 72.11% vs. 49.37%; range: 55.33–86.99% vs. 29.60–67.91%).  These results demonstrated that Ae. umbellulata exhibits great diversity in the investigated traits, so it can provide a potential gene pool for the genetic improvement of these traits in wheat.     

易变山羊草两个y-型高分子量谷蛋白新亚基的鉴定及基因编码区分子克隆

利用 SDS-PAGE和分子克隆方法研究了易变山羊草的高分子量谷蛋白亚基及其基因。结果表明 ,四倍体易变山羊草有 3个可表达的高分子量谷蛋白亚基。其中一个亚基的迁移率很慢 ,推测其为 Glu-U1 x;另外2个亚基的迁移率分别与中国春的 Bx7和 By8接近或更慢 ,利用一对特异扩增基因编码区的引物得到的扩增片段长度分别为 2 .5 kb和 1 .9kb。分子克隆得到阳性质粒 p2 .5和 p1 .9。基因测序结果显示二者均为 y型高分子量谷蛋白基因 ,它们与普通小麦中已经报道的 y型高分子量谷蛋白基因在核苷酸和氨基酸序列上都存在差异 ,是 2个不同的高分子量谷蛋白新基因     

西尔斯山羊草紫色酸性磷酸酶PAP1基因的克隆及分析

旨在利用基因工程手段将AeSePAP1基因转入到小麦,为获得耐低磷胁迫的小麦品种奠定基础。以西尔斯山羊草的叶片为材料,根据小麦和二穗短柄草的PAP1基因设计特异引物,采用同源克隆的方法获得西尔斯山羊草紫色酸性磷酸酶PAP1基因的cDNA序列,并将其命名为AeSePAP1。该基因长1.03kb,编码335个氨基酸,分子质量为37.95ku,等电点为5.55。与小麦PAP1基因相比,西尔斯山羊草PAP1基因的cDNA的编码区有36处发生碱基替代,包括24处转换和12处颠换,有16处编码的氨基酸残基不同,其序列一致性达94.66%。对AeSePAP1基因编码的蛋白质进行生物信息学分析发现,该蛋白具有信号肽和跨膜结构,定位于质膜或分泌到胞外。系统进化树分析表明,西尔斯山羊草紫色酸性磷酸酶PAP1基因与普通小麦、短柄草、谷子的PAP1基因同源性较高。     

Development and characterization of wheat–Aegilopskotschyi1Uk(1A) substitution line with positive dough quality parameters

Exploring novel high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) from wild related species is a strategy to improve wheat processing quality.  The objective of the present investigation was to identify the chromosomes of the wheat-alien introgression line N124, derived from the hybridization between Triticum aestivum with Aegilops kotschyi, and characterize the effects on quality-related traits.  Fluorescence in situ hybridization karyotypes showed that N124 is a disomic 1U^k(1A) substitution line.  Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography verified N124 expressed two HMW-GSs of the Ae. kotschyi parent.  PacBio RNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the two HMW-GSs were U^kx and U^ky.  Compared to the wheat parent, the substitution line had no obvious agronomic defects except fewer grains per spike but improved several major quality parameters.  It can be served as a donor or bridge material for wheat quality improvement.     

盐胁迫对入侵植物节节麦与小麦竞争关系的影响

以节节麦为试材，采用盆栽控制试验，运用de Wit替代系列方法，研究不同浓度(0、50、100、200、400mmol/L)中性盐(NaCl)及碱性盐(Na₂CO₃)胁迫对其生长发育及与小麦竞争关系的影响。结果表明：不同盐胁迫均能抑制节节麦和小麦的生长发育，并造成2种植物的株高、叶面积及总生物量下降；节节麦和小麦均通过提高SOD活性及脯氨酸含量抵御不同盐胁迫，但随着处理浓度的增加，2种植物的相对电导率及硫代巴比妥酸(TBARS)含量均明显增加，表明盐胁迫对2种植物细胞膜损伤程度持续加剧；不同盐胁迫还导致了2种植物的叶绿素含量明显下降；从SOD活性、脯氨酸含量、相对电导率及TBARS含量的增幅以及叶绿素含量的降幅可知，同种盐胁迫对节节麦的损伤程度小于对小麦的，而Na₂CO₃对2种植物造成的伤害程度大于NaCl；从节节麦的竞争平衡指数(CB)可知，不同盐胁迫条件下节节麦的竞争能力依然大于小麦，但随处理浓度的增加呈先升后降的趋势。总之，通过形态结构及生理特性的调整，节节麦对不同种类盐胁迫均表现出了一定的适...