D2类山羊草细胞质普通小麦核代换系育性在不同光温条件下的差异

 将D₂类山羊草［粗厚山羊草(Ae.crassa)、牡山羊草(Ae.juvenalis)和瓦维洛夫山羊草(Ae.vavilovii)］细胞质普通小麦核代换系于1997～1998年分别种植在不同纬度的5个地点,并进行分期播种。从不同地点核代换系和核亲本的育性表现,分析D₂类山羊草细胞质核代换系对日长、温度的敏感性及其差异。结果表明:（1）D₂类山羊草细胞质小麦核代换系的3种类型存在差异,粗厚山羊草对日长、温度反应最为敏感,其次是瓦维洛夫山羊草,牡山羊草对光周期较钝感。（2）日长和温度两种生态因子对D₂类山羊草细胞质核代换系的育性变异的作用程度不同,日长是主控因子,温度在日长因子相近时方显示其作用。（3）核质互作是D₂类山羊草细胞质小麦核代换系育性对光温反应的遗传方式。     

Tolerant Mechanism and Chromosome Location of Gene Controlling Sprouting Tolerance in Aegilops Tauschii Cosson

An artificial amphiploid RSP (2n = 42, AABBDD) between tetraploid landrace Ailanmai(Triticum turgidum L., 2n= 28, AABB) and Aegilops tauschii (DD, 2n = 14) expressed high tolerance to preharvest sprouting which derived from Ae. tauschii. Tolerance to preharvest sprouting of RSP was examined by four ways in six varying periods after anthesis. The germination percentages of preharvest intact spikes were only 6.06 % in its high peak period of germination. Its tolerance was mainly decided by the seed a recessive trait which was controlled by one gene, located on chromosome 2D.     

GA3浸种对入侵植物节节麦种子破眠及发芽特性的影响

节节麦入侵已严重威胁到我国小麦的生产。节节麦种子具有较强的休眠特性,探讨赤霉素(GA₃)浸种对其破眠及发芽特性的影响,旨在为节节麦的后续研究提供参考。在光照和黑暗条件下,分别利用0、100、200、300、400、500 mg·L^-1的GA₃对种子进行处理,首先进行种子发芽率及发芽势的测定,并检测了500 mg·L^-1 GA₃及蒸馏水处理节节麦种子发芽过程中保护酶活性、MDA及内源激素含量的变化。结果表明:1)GA₃浸种处理提高了种子的发芽率及发芽势,其中以500 mg·L^-1 GA₃处理最为显著。此外,光照条件下种子的发芽率及发芽势均明显高于黑暗条件,表明节节麦种子的发芽需要一定光照条件;2)与蒸馏水处理相比,500 mg·L^-1的GA₃处理提高了种子内SOD及POD活性,减轻了质膜氧化损伤程度,致使MDA含量持续下降,从而促使种子朝有利于发芽的方向发展。此外,500 mg·L^-1GA₃处理在提高种子内促进生长内源GA₃、IAA及ZR含量的同时,并降低了抑制生长的内源ABA含量,致使GA₃/ABA、IAA/ABA和ZR/ABA值均明显高于蒸馏水处理,最终促进了节节麦种子的发芽。     

粗厚山羊草细胞质小麦核代换系育性差异

研究1996至1997年用D2类山羊草的粗厚山羊草4X,6X种细胞质小麦核代换系及其核亲本在我国北纬25°01′至47°08′的5个地点种植。调查了各点各期的自交结实率,结合各点、各期试验材料拔节至抽穗的日长、旬平均气温分析试验材料与日长、温度的关系。结果为(1)粗厚山羊草(6X,4X),随日长的增加,育性下降。其中,粗厚山羊草细胞质某些核代换系在我国适宜光、温条件下可出现完全雄性不育。(2)粗厚山羊草4X种细胞质和6X种细胞质的光温反应存在差异。（3）6X种细胞质的光温敏感性高于4X种细胞质。(4)粗厚山羊草细胞质核代换系的育性在日长相近条件下,温度升高,育性有提高。     

Relationship Between Several Biochemical Indexes and Resistance of Aegilops Species to Oat-Bird Cherry Aphids(Homoptera:Aphididae)

The biochemical mechanism of resistance of 9 Aegilops species including A.biuncialis,A.juvenalis, A.ovata, A.kotschyi var. varianilis, A.triaristata, A.tauschii, A.vavilovii, A.crassa and A.ventricosa in Triticeae to oat-bird cherry aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) were reported for the first time. The results showed that the content of total phenols in seedling was not associated with resistance to this aphid. The level of DIMBOA was negatively related to intrinsic innate rate of increase (rm) of R. padi. Neither of soluable sugar nor total phenols in adult stage was associated with resistance level. However, concentrations of free proline and serine in leaf were positively related to rm of R. padi (rm =-0.0636+0.23xpro** ＋1.982xser*). The content of DIMBOA was high-negatively related to rm of R. padi (r=-0.819**). The low level of free proline and serine and high concentration of DIMBOA could be regarded as important elements for resistance of Aegilops species to R. padi.     

A new allopolyploid wheat for stressed lands and poverty alleviation

To generate diversity for salt tolerance in wheat, we crossed Triticum turgidum ssp. durum with salt tolerant accessions of Aegilops geniculata. During the process, we discovered new allopolyploid wheat (informally called here “Durugen”) that originated through natural process. The present study aimed at documenting the significance of “Durugen” for salinity and poverty alleviation. Wide hybridization approach using emasculation and pollination procedure was used for hybrid production. Allopolyploidy was established through mitotic chromosomes counting. Evaluation of the third generation plants was made under field conditions using 50% of the normal irrigation water and salinity of 1/3: the sea water level. First generation plants showed morphological variation. Second generation was morphologically uniform. Evaluation of third generation plants showed reduction of 10 and 12% in biomass and 5 and 8% in grain yield under salinity and water deficiency, respectively, which were lower than the reduction observed earlier in other wheat genotypes growing under similar conditions. These data suggested that “Durugen” is more tolerant compared to other salt tolerant durum and bread wheat genotypes and that it can help alleviating poverty as it can produce more biomass and income for the inhabitants of stressed lands, who are moving to other places in search of livelihood.     

柱穗山羊草α-醇溶蛋白基因的克隆与序列分析

根据已知的普通小麦α-醇溶蛋白基因序列设计引物,采用PCR方法克隆基因并进行序列分析。从柱穗山羊草Y127中克隆得到1个α-醇溶蛋白基因序列Gli2-Z-2,它具有α-醇溶蛋白基因的典型结构特征,编码区全长939 bp,编码313个氨基酸。氨基酸序列比较显示,Gli2-Z-2在多聚谷氨酰胺区比已报道的α-醇溶蛋白序列有较多的谷氨酰胺残基。     

Field Response to Pratylenchus Thornei of a Wheat Line with the CreAet Gene for Resistance to Heterodera Avenae

The gene CreAet for resistance to Heterodera avenae, transferred from Aegilops triuncialis to Triticum aestivum introgression line TR-353, was assessed for responses to Pratylenchus thornei under field conditions. After 2.5 months, P. thornei infestation on TR-353 was similar to those on its progenitors (T. aestivum H10-15, T. turgidum H1-1 and A. triuncialis A-1) and on the cultivar Capa. After 5 months, TR-353 hosted significantly more P. thornei per plant than A. triuncialis, T. aestivum H10-15 or cultivar Rinconada, being very close to the maximum value obtained from T. turgidum. The final infestation of line TR-353 by H. avenae was significantly lower than on the other plants, except for A. triuncialis. In addition, at 2.5 months, the abundance of P. thornei on TR-353 was intermediate between the introgression wheat line H93-8 (Cre2 gene) and the cultivar Loros (Cre1 gene), but the final number of P. thornei per plant on TR-353 was significantly greater than on Loros. Line TR-353 was not able to control P. thornei in the field, but it confirmed its resistance to H. avenae, which was significantly lower than those due to Cre1 and Cre2 genes. No competition was observed between P. thornei and H. avenae populations on line TR-353 or A. triuncialis.     

人工合成多倍体小麦及其供体种的高分子量 谷蛋白亚基组成研究

采用十二烷基磺酸钠—聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE),分析了4份节节麦及其在此基础上形成的人工合成多倍体高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(high-molecular-weightgluteninsubunit,HMW-GS)的组成。研究结果表明,4份节节麦AS60-1、AS60-2、AS77和AS2383在Glu-D1位点上出现了4种不同的亚基类型,分别为2 10、5 12、5 10和2.1 10;2份节节麦人工加倍形成四倍体AS2390、AS2410的HMW-GS分别为2.1 10、5 10;3份节节麦—圆锥麦人工合成双二倍体RSP、SHW-L1及SHW-L2的HWM-GS分别为2*、17 18、5 10;2*、17 18、2 10和2 10。谷蛋白亚基呈现了共显性遗传,表明了节节麦高分子量谷蛋白基因能在人工多倍体情况下得到正常表达。此外,还对利用节节麦优良基因的方式作了讨论。     

Genetic diversity of the D-genome in <Emphasis Type="Italic">T. aestivum</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aegilops</Emphasis> species using SSR markers

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs), highly dispersed nucleotide sequences in genomes, were used for germplasm analysis and estimation of the genetic relationship of the D-genome among 52 accessions of T. aestivum (AABBDD), Ae. tauschii (D^tD^t), Ae. cylindrica (CCD^cD^c) and Ae. crassa (MMD^cr1D^cr1), collected from 13 different sites in Iran. A set of 21 microsatellite primers, from various locations on the seven D-genome chromosomes, revealed a high level of polymorphism. A total of 273 alleles were detected across all four species and the number of alleles per each microsatellite marker varied from 3 to 27. The highest genetic diversity occurred in Ae. tauschii followed by Ae. crassa, and the genetic distance was the smallest between Ae. tauschii and Ae. cylindrica. Data obtained in this study supports the view that genetic variability in the D-genome of hexaploid wheat is less than in Ae. tauschii. The highest number of unique alleles was observed within Ae. crassa accessions, indicating this species as a great potential source of novel genes for bread wheat improvement. Knowledge of genetic diversity in Aegilops species provides different levels of information which is important in the management of germplasm resources.