普通小麦与粗山羊草正反杂交研究

【目的】研究普通小麦与粗山羊草杂交后的成胚率、成苗率及F1代的田间表现,为提高小麦的杂交成功率提供参考。【方法】以小麦矮败不育系(RH/CS)、中国春、辽春10号3个春性小麦及济南17和济麦20 2个冬性小麦为供试小麦材料,Y122、Y212、Y215为3个粗山羊草材料,先以小麦为母本,粗山羊草为父本构建正交组合,并在去雄后1~5d连续授粉,分析授粉次数对授粉率的影响,再以粗山羊草为母本,普通小麦为父本构建反交组合,分析各组合下胚、胚乳的形成情况;对正交组合进行幼胚拯救后,统计各组合的成胚率和成苗率;并将幼苗移至大田中,观察F1代的田间表现。【结果】小麦反交组合的授粉率(70.32%)远高于正交组合(8.51%),但正交和反交组合均未能形成种子,需要幼胚拯救才能获得后代;重复授粉可以提高授粉率;正交时春麦或者冬麦做母本对胚的形成和成苗率没有影响;胚培养最佳时间为13~18d;组培苗移入大田后成活率极低,仅为5.20%;杂交F1代成活单株有效分蘖数平均为263个。【结论】普通小麦×粗山羊草杂交后授粉2~3次,并于13~18d进行胚培养,可以提高杂交成功率。     

醇溶蛋白电泳在小麦种质资源遗传分析中的应用

 用酸性聚丙稀酰胺凝胶电泳（A-PAGE）对我国评选出的18个优质小麦品种种子醇溶蛋白进行电泳分析，结果表明：（1）醇溶蛋白带谱严格受基因型控制，不同品种之间存在着显著差异，姊妹系之间也有明显差异；（2）在18个优质品种中，共有17种不同带谱，6个品种在血缘上可能密切相关，但各有自己的特征带，有两个品种即PH82-2-2和小偃6号，带谱完全相同。另外，对38份本室收集的有明确收集地点的节节麦分析表明：（1）节节麦醇溶蛋白的多态性与收集地密切相关，中东国家材料的多态性明显高于前苏联材料，而后者的多态性又明显高于新疆及中原收集的材料；（2）河南和陕西不同地区（县）收集的7份Ae.tauschii实际为同一材料，它们的带谱完全相同；（3）在前苏联的材料中找到了与我国中原材料带谱相似的材料，而在中东收集的材料中找到了前苏联材料的带谱。这些结果与物种起源中心学说是完全相符的。因此，麦醇溶蛋白酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术，作为资源鉴定的 有效手段，有可能用于解决收集资源材料的重复问题，提高小麦种质资源保存和利用的效率；同时，可以用它来研究一些物种的起源和演化。     

Photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility in wheat with Aegilops crassa cytoplasm

Summary Triticum aestivum cv. Norin 26 with Aegilops crassa, Ae. juvenalis or Ae. vavilovii cytoplasm (all D² type) has been studied relative to its photoperiodic response of male sterility and fertility restoration patterns. Alloplasmic lines of Norin 26 with a D² type cytoplasm showed almost complete male sterility under long-day conditions (15 h), but high male fertility under short-day conditions (14.5 h). No significant influence of temperature on reduction in male fertility was observed. Thus, this type of male sterility is called photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility (PCMS). The PCMS is expressed in the form of pistillody of stamens. Histological studies revealed that there were incomplete ovule-like structures instead of tapetal cells and pollen grains in the pistillate stamens. The floret differentiation stage of the plant is the stage that is sensitive to photoperiod. The PCMS can be used as a new means for hybrid wheat production, named two-line system. The PCMS line is maintained and multiplied by self-fertilization under short-day conditions, and hybrid seed can be produced by crossing the PCMS line with a pollinator line under long-day conditions. In contrast to the system of hybrid wheat production using the T. timopheevi cytoplasm, the present system requires only PCMS and pollinator lines.Abbreviation CS Chinese Spring - N26 Norin 26 - PCMS photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility     

Evaluation of shape Aegilops tauschii Coss for resistance to physiological strains CYR30 and CYR31 of wheat stripe rust in China

Stripe rust is one of the most serious diseases of wheat in China. Two new stripe rust physiological strains CYR₃₀ (Inter. name: 175 E 191) and CYR₃₁ (Inter. name: 239 E 175) have become the dominant and epidemic physiological strains since 1994 in China. Resistance to these strains of 48 Ae. tauschii accessions was evaluated at the seedling and adult stages. Out of 48, 28 accessions displayed seedling and adult resistance. All of the Chinese Ae. tauschii accessions were susceptible at seedling and adult stages. Seedling resistance was highly related to adult resistance in Ae. tauschii. The new genetic resources of resistance to CYR₃₀ and CYR₃₁ could be incorporated into commercial wheat varieties for wheat resistance breeding by direct hybridization.     

不同环境因素对节节麦萌发的影响

节节麦Aegilops tauschii Coss.是麦田难治杂草,研究环境条件对节节麦发芽的影响对预测其适生区域及综合治理有重要意义。以采自陕西、山东和河南的3个节节麦种群为对象,通过室内和室外萌发试验研究了水势、pH、盐分和播种深度与节节麦萌发的关系。结果表明,3个节节麦种群在不同的环境条件下表现出相似的萌发及出苗特性,其萌发对水势敏感,发芽率随水势的下降而降低,当渗透势小于-1.0 MPa时,种子不萌发;节节麦萌发对pH要求不高,在pH 3～10条件下发芽率均超过70%;其萌发具有一定的耐盐性,盐浓度为0 mmol/L时,发芽率最高,盐浓度大于420 mmol/L时,节节麦不能萌发;节节麦出苗率随播种深度的增加而降低,播种在土壤表面时,出苗率最高,播种深度大于10 cm时,未发现节节麦出苗。3个节节麦种群发芽对上述不同环境因子的反应差异不显著。     

警惕麦田恶性杂草节节麦蔓延危害

节节麦是一种进境危险性植物杂草,近年来在河北等省区麦田发生危害,面积迅速扩大,以目前节节麦传播蔓延的速度,节节麦将在各适生区域泛滥成灾,严重威胁我国小麦安全生产和粮食安全。在调查研究的基础上,全面分析了节节麦的来源和成灾原因,提出了应急措施和控制节节麦危害蔓延的建议。     

大田野生麦苗穗发芽抗性的鉴定与遗传分析

为获得小麦高抗穗发芽种质资源并阐明其遗传背景。以秋收后冬小麦播种前,大田刚萌发出土的野生麦苗为试材,进行集中移栽种植,观测生长一致性、遗传稳定性,淘汰遗传尚不稳定株系,对获得的118个遗传稳定的野生麦苗系进行综合农艺性状调查和穗发芽抗性测定,选出4个综合农艺性状好且高抗穗发芽的种质系。利用SSR分子标记技术分析4个种质系、节节麦及收集野生麦苗地块前5～10年间本地块主栽小麦品种的基因组DNA。通过以上研究,发现有78.8%的野生麦苗系都高抗穗发芽,其中19.5%的野生麦苗系的穗发芽率为0;通过SSR分子标记分析发现4个高抗穗发芽种质系是节节麦和以前主栽小麦品种的杂交后代。收集、移栽、选择、鉴定秋后大田野生麦苗是一条获得小麦抗穗发芽种质资源的新途径。     

34份粗山羊草抗白粉病性鉴定及遗传分析

粗山羊草为小麦D基因组的供体,通过对来自不同产地的粗山羊草抗病性进行鉴定,用离体叶段接种方法接种12个小麦白粉病菌株(E02、E03、E05、E06、E07、E09、E11、E15、E18、E21、E23、E25),鉴定了34份不同产地的粗山羊草抗病性。结果表明:9份粗山羊草(Y170、Y186、Y189、Y192、Y201、Y206、Y212、Y214、Y215)对12个小麦白粉病菌株完全免疫,有3份山羊草(Y126、Y208、Y185)对12个菌株全部感病,其余的材料抗白粉病的部分菌株。田间全生育期用混合菌种鉴定粗山羊草抗性,其结果与离体叶鉴定的结论相一致。粗山羊草Y219与Y122杂交的后代的遗传分析发现抗病基因是1对显性基因控制;Y215与Ae43杂交后代的遗传分析表明抗病基因是1对隐性基因控制。     

节节麦生育期基因定位分析

利用长休眠节节麦(Ae.tauschii)与四川的四倍体小麦地方品种矮兰麦(T.turgidum)杂交并加倍合成的新的抗穗发芽普通小麦"RSP"与"绵阳11"D染色体组的单体系列杂交,对来源于节节麦的晚生育期基因进行定位分析,以期在利用其穗发芽抗性时,克服其生育期较晚的特性。结果表明:该节节麦的2D和5D染色体上均存在晚生育期基因,2D的作用较5D更强。     

Molecular mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling aluminium tolerance in bread wheat

Aluminium (Al) toxicity is a major constraint to crop productivity in acidic soils. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was performed to identify the genetic basis of Al tolerance in the wheat cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’. A nutrient solution culture approach was undertaken with the root tolerance index (RTI) and hematoxylin staining method as parameters to assess the Al tolerance. Using a set of D genome introgression lines, a major Al tolerance QTL was located on chromosome arm 4DL, explaining 31% of the phenotypic variance present in the population. A doubled haploid population was used to map a second major Al tolerance QTL to chromosome arm 3BL. This major QTL (Qalt _CS .ipk-3B) in ‘Chinese Spring’ accounted for 49% of the phenotypic variation. Linkage of this latter QTL to SSR markers opens the possibility to apply marker-assisted selection (MAS) and pyramiding of this new QTL to improve the Al tolerance of wheat cultivars in breeding programmes.