Ehe 桐油酸酐及桐酸酸酐合成工艺优化研究

考察不同溶剂、物料比、反应时间、反应温度对酸值的影响,通过正交实验优化出两种酸酐合成的最佳工艺分别为:①桐油:顺丁稀二酸酐=20:5.5 ,反应时间90min,反应温度115℃,不加溶剂;②桐酸:顺丁稀二酸酐=10:2.6,反应时间90min,反应温度140℃,不加溶剂.用红外光谱比较两者的结构.用不同酸值的两种酸酐固化环氧树脂,测试胶化时间,结果为酸值越大,胶化时间越短;游离酸值越小,胶化时间越短.     

白云石对酸性红黄壤上油菜、玉米的效应

施用白云石改良酸性红黄壤田间定位试验第3、4季油菜和玉米的试验结果表明:施用白云石的处理与对照比较仍能明显地促进油菜、玉米的生长发育,改善作物经济性状,显著地提高作物的籽粒产量.其中施用1 600 kg/hm2白云石处理的油菜、玉米的产量最高,分别为2 518、4 928 kg/hm2,比对照分别增产16.2 %和 44.6%;经济效益最好,经济效益分别为4 734和4 435元/hm2.施用白云石表现出了显著的后效.     

6─氨基己酸二聚体水解酶基因在异源宿主中的表达

将起源于黄色菌（Ｆｌａｖｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｓｐ．ＫＩ７２）的６─氨基己酸二聚体水解酶（ＥⅡ）基因以质粒ｐＴＳ１２０９为载体，转入假单孢菌ＰｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｐｕｔｉｄａＮＴ１１２６中，得到具有ＥⅡ高表达活性转基因株，表明以假单胞菌为宿主进行ＥⅡ酶分子育种的可行性，并为ＥⅡ酶尚处于进化中的推论提供了旁证。     

桃果皮毛、果肉颜色对果实糖与酸含量的影响及相关性研究

 对山桃和栽培桃品种杂交后代 10 7个个体 (分成 2 2个毛桃和 85个油桃 ,或 75个白肉桃和 3 2个黄肉桃 )的果实糖酸含量遗传规律进行了研究。结果表明 ,桃果实中的可溶性糖和酸主要是蔗糖和苹果酸 ,分别占总可溶性糖的 65%左右和总酸含量的 50 %。油桃各基因型的蔗糖、果糖、山梨糖醇、总糖、可溶性固形物及奎宁酸平均含量均显著高于毛桃 ,而毛桃和油桃基因型之间的苹果酸、柠檬酸、总酸平均含量及糖酸比没有显著差异。所有毛桃和油桃基因型的莽草酸含量都很低 ,为 0 .0 11～ 0 .0 46meq·10 0g- 1FW。果实内葡萄糖和果糖含量呈正相关 (r =0 .63 ) ,蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖分别与山梨糖醇呈显著或极显著直线正相关 ,且苹果酸与蔗糖、山梨糖醇、总糖和可溶性固形物呈显著正相关。毛桃的平均单果重显著大于油桃 ,且可溶性固形物和总酸含量与果实的大小呈显著直线负相关。此外 ,盛花后果实发育天数影响果实内糖酸含量     

Fluorescence detection of aluminum in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal structures and glomalin using confocal laser scanning microscopy

Arbuscular mycorrhizal spores and glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) isolated from acid soils were analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) for Al detection. Mycorrhizal structures of Glomus intraradices produced under in vitro conditions as well as spores and GRSP from neutral and Cu-polluted soils were used as contrasting criteria. Spores and GRSP from soils with 7 and 70% Al saturation showed autofluorescence which increased especially at the highest soil Al level and when Al³⁺ solution was added. G.intraradices spores showed fluorescence only when exogenous Al³⁺ was added. On the contrary, spores and GRSP from neutral and Cu-polluted soils showed little or no significant fluorescence. This fluorescence shown by fungal structures and GRSP when subjected to high Al (of endogenous or exogenous origin) suggest a high capacity for Al immobilization, which could be an effective way to reduce Al activity and phytotoxicity in acid soils.     

Rock phosphate-P enhances biomass and nitrogen accumulation by legumes in upland crop production systems in humid West Africa

Experiments were conducted during 1996–1998 in screen house and in the field in the humid forest zone of Côte d’Ivoire, to evaluate the effects of phosphorus (P) from phosphate rock (PR) on the performance of the root nodulating legume Crotalaria micans grown for 8 weeks. The experimental soils were acid Ultisols with <4 mg/kg extractable Bray-1 P. Tilemsi PR from Mali and triple superphosphate (TSP) were applied at 60 kg P ha^?1 (screen house) and 90 kg P ha^?1 (field) to the legume. Legume N-fixed (BNF) was estimated by the ¹⁵N-isotope dilution and δ ¹⁵N natural abundance methods, using Cassia obtusifolia L. as a non-fixing legume reference plant. Without P supply, and under the field conditions, C. micans produced less than 1 tonne of biomass and accumulated 29 kg N/ha. The application of PR-P enhanced legume N by about fourfold over the unfertilised control. There was no significant difference between the effects of TSP and PR. Phosphorus application mainly affected the total amount of N accumulated rather than the percentage derived from the atmosphere (%N dfa) per se. Furthermore, the cumulative effects of PR-P on the performance of C. micans greatly improved with time in the screen house. This study confirms that Tilemsi PR is an agronomically effective source of P for short-duration legume green manure (GM) even in the first year of its application to acid P-deficient soils in the West African humid zone.     

Microbiological processes in soil organic phosphorus transformations in conventional and biological cropping systems

We studied microbiological processes in organic P transformations in soils cultivated with conventional and biological farming systems during the 13th and 14th year of different cropping systems. The treatments included control, biodynamic, bioorganic, and conventional plots and a mineral fertilization treatment. Different P fractions were investigated using a sequential fractionation method. Labile organic P, extracted by 0.5 M NaHCO₃, was not affected by the farming systems. However, residual organic P remaining in the soil at the end of the sequential fractionation procedure showed that the biodynamic treatment, in particular, led to a modification of the composition of organic P. Labile organic P, organic P extractable in 0.1 M NaOH, and total residual P all showed temporal fluctuations. As total residual P consists of more than 70% organic P, it can be assumed that residual organic P contributed to these variations. This result indicates that chemically resistant organic P participates in short-term accumulation and mineralization processes. All biological soil parameters tested in this study showed significant temporal fluctuations, mainly attributed to differences in climatic conditions between years, but possibly also related to the growth cycle of the crop. The higher values of the biological soil parameters in the biodynamic and bioorganic treatments were explained by the greater importance of manure and the different plant protection strategies. The level of phosphatase activity and mineralization of organic C indicated a higher turnover of organic substrates, and thus of organic P, in the biodynamic and bioorganic treatments. Biological parameters were shown to be critical for assessing the significance of organic P in the soil P turnover.     

酸性矿石废水短期污染对水稻土的影响

以受酸性矿石废水(ARD)污染1年的水稻田为研究对象,根据“ARD–土壤–水稻”体系中Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn等重金属含量,评价污染风险,分析ARD初期污染土壤中重金属的迁移特性;并分析土壤酸化潜力、理化性质和土壤脱氢酶含量,研究其与土壤重金属间的关系,探讨土壤污染特征,为酸性矿石废水(ARD)短期污染土壤的治理提供依据。结果表明:ARD的p H在2~3,其Cu和Cd分别超过国家V类水标准8.53倍和13倍。受ARD污染1年后,土壤中已有不同程度的Cu的富集,其中污染最严重的污1土壤中Cu(64.0 mg/kg)均超过国家二级标准(50.0 mg/kg),但污染土壤上水稻中的重金属大部分富集在根中,稻米中的重金属均远低于国家食品卫生标准。ARD污染也造成不同程度的土壤酸化和功能衰减,污1样地酸化和功能衰减最严重,其土壤p H和净产酸量(ANG)分别为3.5和H2SO4 12.4 kg/t,土壤脱氢酶活性已降为TBF 0.002 mg/(kg干土?24h)。此外,土壤中重金属含量和土壤酸化及土壤其他理化性质有一定关系,如土壤中总Cu和有效态Cu均和土壤中p H、NAGPH、Fe和SO42–极显著相关(P0.01),而土壤中Cu和Cd均和有效硅和电导率极显著相关(P0.01)。     

Root colonisation by arbuscular mycorrhizal, fine endophytic and dark septate fungi across a pH gradient in acid beech forests

Colonisation by root endophytes can be beneficial to plants growing on acid, nutrient-poor soils. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can supply herbs with nutrients and may give protection against aluminium toxicity. Two other root colonising fungi, fine endophytes (FE) and dark septate fungi (DSE), are less well known but are potentially of benefit to their host plant. AM fungi are the most prevalent symbionts in herbs at neutral to acidic soil pH. At extremely low pH, fungal growth can be limited and AM colonisation is usually rare. Fine and dark septate endophytes, on the other hand, have been observed more often under these conditions. In order to relate endophyte colonisation to a gradient in soil pH, we investigated root colonisation by AM, FE and DSE in Maianthemum bifolium, Galium odoratum, Mercurialis perennis and Stellaria nemorum, from a range of acidic beech forests. With decreasing pH, colonisation by AM decreased, whereas the other two endophytes increased. AM and FE colonisation were inversely correlated in Maianthemum bifolium. We compared changes in root colonisation with those in chemical composition of soil and leaf samples and found a positive correlation between leaf magnesium concentrations and the presence of DSE in Galium odoratum. Aluminium concentration in Maianthemum bifolium tended to be lower when FE colonisation was high, suggesting a possible role for the fungi in plant protection against Al. We suggest that FE and DSE may replace AM fungi in herbaceous vegetation at extremely low pH, counteracting some of the negative effects of high soil acidity on plants.     

长期施肥对酸性土壤磷形态及有效性的影响

为明确长期施肥对集约化果园土壤磷形态、分布特征及其有效性的影响，本研究对琯溪蜜柚主产区29个果园的土壤进行调查研究，采用张守敬和Jackson的酸性土壤无机磷分级方法，研究蜜柚果园土壤磷素累积对土壤磷形态及有效性的影响。结果表明：在集约化蜜柚果园中，土壤磷素累积丰富，随树龄增加土壤速效磷含量上升显著，且土壤磷形态在不同土层存在显著性差异；当全磷含量≤0.5 g/kg时，土壤磷形态主要以有机磷、铁磷为主，随着全磷含量的上升，铝磷含量、占比均显著上升；多元线性回归和逐步回归分析结果表明本试验中铝磷与速效磷相关性最好。果园土壤已经形成一个巨大的磷库，且有效性较高，可适当减少磷肥投入，降低土壤磷含量，减少经济成本，提高生态效益。