Effects of organic solvents on denitrification in soil

Summary Although organic solvents such as methanol and ethanol have been shown to act as energy sources for denitrifying microorganisms, no studies on the influence of organic solvents on denitrification in soil have been reported. Organic solvents have been used as an aid in the application of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals to soil, in studying the effects of these chemicals on denitrification in soil. During these applications, the soil is often aerated or heated to remove the solvent while leaving the chemical in the soil. The work reported here shows that treating soils with methanol, ethanol, or acetone had a very marked effect on their denitrifying ability, even when the soils were aerated thoroughly or heated at 50°C to remove these solvents. This indicates either that it is not possible to effect complete removal of organic solvents from soils by aeration or heating or that organic solvents promote denitrification by solubilizing a fraction of soil organic matter that is not available to denitrifying microorganisms before the addition of these solvents. Experiments using phenylmercuric acetate (a herbicide and nitrification inhibitor) showed that although this compound had a marked inhibitory effect on denitrification when added to soil in methanol, ethanol, or acetone, it had no inhibitory effect on denitrification when added to soil in water. The work reported shows that the use of an organic solvent in adding an agricultural chemical to soil can lead to erroneous conclusions in studies on the effects of the chemical on soil denitrification.     

硝酸钠浓度对雨生红球藻生长及虾青素积累的影响

研究了0.15、0.30、0.75、1.50 g/L 4种不同硝酸钠营养浓度条件对雨生红球藻生长状况的影响,同时探究了该试验条件对雨生红球藻中虾青素起始积累期和后期积累量的影响,以寻找既能使雨生红球藻在氮源用尽后细胞密度达到或接近最大,同时又能最快直接进入虾青素积累阶段的硝酸钠营养添加浓度。试验结果表明,硝酸钠浓度为0.15 g/L时雨生红球藻细胞生长状况最好,细胞浓度最高可以达到5.19×105个/ml。此条件下细胞尚未停止生长即已有细胞开始积累虾青素,变红(培养的第23天)。使用有机溶剂萃取法以丙酮提取虾青素,硝酸钠浓度为0.15 g/L时,最终虾青素浓度达到19.136 mg/L,是其他硝酸钠浓度下的虾青素含量最大值。     

水化大豆油脚作原料制取粉末大豆磷脂

采用丙酮萃取法从新鲜水化大豆油脚中提取粉末大豆磷脂。提取时第一次油脚：丙酮＝３∶１，第２—６次原料：丙酮＝１∶１。第１—３次离心后的提取液用于油和丙酮的回收，第４—６次离心后的提取液贮存，用来代替下一次生产１—３次的纯丙酮．从油脚提取的磷脂颜色（淡黄色）好于从浓缩磷脂中提取的（淡棕色），前者酸值，过氧化值较后者低．     

Variability of acetone in milk in a large low-production dairy herd: a longitudinal case study

The objective of this study was to relate acetone in milk with cow and management factors in one low producing dairy herd (5260 kg milk per 305-day lactation). Milk acetone was measured in regular monthly milk samples one to three times within 100 days of lactation in 4433 lactations (2639 cows, 7800 measurements) from one herd over a period of 32 months (1988-91). Associations between milk acetone and cow factors and surrogate measures of management were evaluated by variance components of multiple fixed effect models. Lactation stage, calendar month of study, production groups and milk yield were strong, and percentage milk fat and parity were weak predictors of milk acetone. There was a trend of increasing body weight loss from the first to the second month of lactation with increasing milk acetone level. A substantial increase in milk production in 1991 was accompanied by an almost twofold rise in milk acetone. It was concluded that environmental parameters had strong relationships with milk acetone even in this low-producing herd.     

棉花叶片的叶绿素含量测定

本文探讨了田间试验中大量棉花样品的叶绿素含量测定方法，以解决通常采用的分光光度法费工，耗时，易引起离体叶绿素的分光分解而造成误差之弊端。对目前报导的混合液提取法可行性进行研究，指出其测定光密度值偏高，不适用Ａｒｎｏｎ公式计算。在比较几种方法的基础上，提出测定棉花叶片叶绿素含量的丙酮溶液浸提法。     

野油菜黄单胞菌分泌组双向电泳样品制备方法的建立

野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜致病变种（Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc）是十字花科植物黑腐病的病原细菌。我们建立了Xcc的蛋白质组学研究平台,用于分离、鉴定该菌的致病相关蛋白。为了减少胞外多糖（exopolysaccharide,EPS）对蛋白材料质量的影响,我们构建了EPS缺陷的Xcc8004ΔgumB突变体。本研究以Xcc8004ΔgumB出发菌株,用诱导培养液培养,取细胞上清通过超滤浓缩得到蛋白质粗提物,分别采用丙酮沉淀法、试剂盒纯化法和丙酮沉淀-试剂盒联用法来纯化蛋白质粗提物,通过比较双向电泳的结果优选最佳的样品制备方法。结果证明丙酮沉淀-试剂盒联用法较为理想,所得双向电泳图片清晰,分辨率高。因此,此方法可以用于制备野油菜黄单胞菌分泌组双向电泳样品,并可以满足进一步研究的需要。     

The use of indicators to assess the degree of mobilisation of body reserves in dairy cows in early lactation on a pasture-based diet

The accuracy of predicting energy balance (EB) using various milk, blood, and other indicators was determined in 23 Holstein-Friesian cows that were grazing pasture in very early lactation. The concentration of milk acetone was negatively correlated (r=−0.64) with EB (p<0.05) as were β-hydroxybutyrate 6 (BHBA) (r=0.76) and non-esterified fatty acids (r=0.56) in plasma, age (r=−0.49), and mean liveweight (r=−0.46). The concentration of plasma glucose was positively correlated (r=0.79) with EB (p<0.05) as were insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (r=0.57) in plasma and change in liveweight (r=0.39). The best prediction model for EB included plasma glucose and plasma BHBA (r=0.84). Milk acetone alone (r=0.64) formed the best prediction model as an ‘on-farm’ indicator.Milk acetone concentration was correlated (r=0.89) with plasma BHBA so that a milk acetone concentration of 0.14 mmol/L was equivalent to a blood BHBA concentration of 1.2 mmol/L (critical level for identification of cows with sub-clinical ketosis). The relationship between plasma glucose and IGF-1 was curvilinear with levels of IGF-1 rapidly increasing above a plasma glucose concentration of 3.2 mmol/L. Body condition score (BCS) converged to 4 (scale 1-8) post-partum with the loss increasing rapidly when BCS at calving was above 5.5.The results of this study confirm that milk acetone may be an accurate and practical indicator for estimating EB of cows in early lactation on a predominantly pasture-based diet. Where cows may be sampled on a once-off basis, plasma glucose and plasma BHBA together explain a large portion of the variation in EB.     

刺槐在预处理条件下抽出物对诱发变色的影响

[目的]研究刺槐木材丙酮抽出物在诱发变色过程中所起的作用。[方法]通过对刺槐木材变色前后丙酮抽出物的定性分析,得出变色前后丙酮抽出物的主要成分,进行对比分析,初步得出抽出物对诱发变色的作用。[结果]刺槐在预处理条件下,丙酮抽出物成分发生了变化,羟基、羧基等助色基团在预处理条件下氧化成羰基、酯基等发色基团,且丙酮抽出物的主要成分中含有大量发色基团和助色基团。[结论]羟基、羧基等助色基团在预处理条件下氧化成羰基、酯基等发色基团,使木材的颜色加深;刺槐木材丙酮抽出物的主要成分中含有大量发色基团和助色基团,这些基团间的相互作用使木材颜色加深。     

丙酮沉淀法提取金花茶多糖的研究

[目的]确定丙酮沉淀法提取花金花茶（Camellia chrysantha（Hu）Tuyama）多糖的最佳工艺条件。[方法]以金花茶为研究对象,以水为溶剂,在一定的条件下提取金花茶多糖,提取液用丙酮进行沉淀,选取沉淀剂用量、沉淀时间和离心时间3个因素做单因素试验,然后以离心时间、丙酮加入量、沉淀时间作为因素,进行正交试验,来确定最佳提取条件。[结果]丙酮沉淀法的最佳工艺条件为：离心时间为15 min,丙酮加入量为20 ml、沉淀时间为12 h,在此条件下的所得粗茶多糖含量量为0.003 7 g。[结论]该研究建立的检测方法简便、快速,具有较强的实用性。     

中草药QH丙酮提取物对水稻幼苗抗寒性的影响

用不同浓度的QH丙酮提取物以浸种和喷雾相结合的方式处理水稻幼苗,以幼苗二叶一心期为低温胁迫期,结果表明:丙酮提取物处理能明显提高可溶性蛋白质含量、SOD、POD、CAT活性,能使这些酶在低温胁迫后以及恢复时仍保持很高的活性;丙酮提取物处理还能减少膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量,增加游离脯氨酸的含量,减缓低温对幼苗叶绿素的破坏,提高了幼苗对低温的抵抗力。