相思树种在沿海沙质立地环境中的抗逆性研究

应用大叶相思、肯氏相思、毛娟相思、马占相思和厚荚相思等相思树种在东山县沿海沙地上营建防护林,并对其抗风、抗台风及抗连续干旱性能进行了测定。结果表明:厚荚相思抗风能力强,生长快,是较好的可在沿海沙地上适生的树种;相思树种抗台风能力较木麻黄弱,台风对相思树种的主要危害是断梢,但在以后的生长中能较快地得到恢复,对相思林分生长并不会产生大的影响;厚荚相思在沿海沙地上造林,不仅成活率高(95%以上),而且在遭受连续8个月的干旱后,旱死率为0,表现出很强的抗旱能力,而且在贫瘠的沙地土壤上生长表现良好,其生长量超过了木麻黄601无性系,是非常好的适合于沿海沙地条件的树种。     

Tree-root systems and herbaceous species-characteristics under tree species introduced into grazing lands in subhumid Cameroon

The effect of tree species on the characteristics of the herbaceous stratum, during the first five years of a fallow, was evaluated in the North of Cameroon (average annual temperature 28.2 °C, total annual rainfall 1050 mm). Treatments included a natural grazed herbaceous fallow, a natural ungrazed herbaceous fallow and three planted tree fallows (Acacia polyacantha Willd. ssp. campylacantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.), Senna siamea Lam. and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.), which were protected against grazing. Because tree species influenced light interception in different ways, as well as having different root patterns, they had different effects on the herbaceous stratum in terms of species composition and biomass. The grazed herbaceous fallow maintained the greatest species richness. Protection against grazing or the introduction of tree species associated with the absence of grazing induced both a progressive evolution to a particular species composition. The ungrazed herbaceous fallow consisted mainly of Andropogon gayanus Kunth, which provided the greatest biomass (8 t dry matter ha^–1 at the end of the fallow period). E. camaldulensis provided little shade and the lowest fine root mass in the top layer allowing the growth of A. gayanus and thus a greater herbaceous biomass (3.5 t DM ha^–1) than that found under the other tree species. Under the heavy shade of A. polyacantha, the herbaceous stratum consisted mainly of annual Pennisetum spp. (2.2 t DM ha^–1) and showed the greatest N concentration (1.3%), probably due to N₂ fixation by the tree species. After the fourth year, despite the relatively open tree canopy, S. siamea, which showed the highest fine root mass, had a strong depressive effect on the herbaceous stratum. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同树龄马占相思的木材密度与干燥性能

对广西产7、10和20年生马占相思的木材密度和干燥性能进行测定和比较.结果表明:马占相思木材气干密度属于国产木材的中等水平;木材密度随着树龄增加呈逐渐增大的趋势,并随着树干高度上升而呈现先增后减的现象.马占相思木材百度试验的干燥特性(前期开裂、内裂、截面变形、扭曲值和干燥速度)等级高达3级～4级,但随着树龄的增加,干燥特性有好转趋势,其等级可降低1级或2级.     

Acacia cyanophylla for forage and fuelwood in North Africa

Forage and wood yield of Acacia cyanophylla, also known as Acacia saligna, was studied in a 300–400 mm precipitation zone in Tunisia. Yields were measured during and after drought. This short (2–8 m) evergreen leguminous tree is used as a forage drought reserve in frost free regions where mean annual precipitation exceeds 250 mm. The standing crop of leafy forage builds up year after year for at least four years or until the tree is cut. It rapidly regrows after cutting from coppice shoots. The leaves provide high protein forage for sheep and goats during the long dry summer season typical of the Mediterranean climate as well as emergency forage during drought. The tree is used to stabilize moving sand dunes, and as a windbreak to protect cropland. It also provides fuelwood and increasaes soil nitrogen by fixation. The need for supplemental irrigation during establishment is a major constraint. Research in the 350 mm precipitation zone of Tunisia found 3.2 year old trees to yield over 1400 kg of forage standing crop per hectare after a severe drought. Trees harvested at 2.5 years of age in May, during the worst drought in over 30 years, yielded a standing forage crop of 724 kg per hectare. Forage regrowth 8 months after cutting and 4 months after rains returned was 700 kg/ha. The forage standing crop for trees harvested only once during the 3.2 year period was double the amount of forage regrowth from trees harvested the previous year, but mean annual forage yield similar. This demonstrates that it is possible for forage to be conserved as a living forage reserve for later use during drought. Total wood yield was only 1621 kg/ha for trees cut twice compared to 3683 kg/ha for trees cut only once. Annual cutting will substantially reduce the amount of forage available during drought and reduce the production of fuelwood. It may also reduce the vigor, productivity and life of the tree. Acacia cyanophylla alley cropped on cereal farmland can protect the soil from erosion, protect the associated crop from wind damage, fix nitrogen, provide fuelwood and provide a reserve of high quality forage for use during drought. This work was supported by the Government of Tunisia and the U.S.A.I.D. Tunisia Range Development and Management Project (664-0312.8).     

黑荆树树皮单宁组分研究——Ⅲ.原花色素的分离鉴定及其~(13)C NMR特征(英文)

从我国江西四年生黑荆树(Acacia mearnsii)树皮单宁中分离鉴定了三个二聚原花色素:刺槐亭醇-(4α→8)-儿茶素、菲瑟亭醇-(4β→8)-儿茶素和刺槐亭醇-(4β→8)-儿茶素。其中刺槐亭醇-(4β→8)-儿茶素为首次从黑荆树树皮中以天然形式分离得到,为一新天然化合物。文中首次对黑剂树树皮二聚原花色素的~(13)CNMR进行了报道,并就其特征和确定二聚原花色素的相对和绝对构型进行了讨论。     

东南沿海不同相思树种叶绿素荧光特性的季相变化

以东南沿海防护林6种相思树种为研究对象,通过跟踪测定其不同季节叶绿素荧光参数,进一步评价各树种对沿海沙地气候环境的适应能力。结果显示：卷荚相思夏季和冬季PSⅡ最大光能转化率和潜在活性均低于春季和秋季,表明夏季高温干旱和冬季低温均会制约其生长;大叶、厚荚及马占相思冬季PSⅡ最大光能转化率和潜在活性较小,生长状况较差;肯氏相思和纹荚相思的Fv／Fm及Fv／Fo值冬季相对较高,其中季节更替对肯氏相思Fv／Fm及Fv／Fo,值变化影响最小,整体生长状况较好。结合林分生长情况可知,大叶、厚荚及马占相思对东南沿海沙地环境适应能力较差;肯氏相思和纹荚相思能够适应沿海防护林的复杂环境,具有较高的推广种植潜力。     

灰木莲、巨尾桉和厚荚相思人工林土壤微生物量及酶活性比较

为了解灰木莲、巨尾桉和厚荚相思3种人工林地的土壤肥力变化,为制定相应的营林措施提供参考,对3种8年生人工林0 ～ 20cm土层的微生物数量及土壤酶活性进行比较.结果表明:(1)不同树种的土壤微生物总量为灰木莲＞厚荚相思＞巨尾桉.同一树种在一年四季中的变化是:灰木莲林地夏季＞冬季＞秋季＞春季;巨尾桉林地秋季＞春季＞夏季＞冬季;厚荚相思林地秋季＞春季＞冬季＞夏季.(2)3种林地土壤的三大类群微生物数量特征表现为细菌最多,真菌数量最少,但在不同季节里有变化.灰木莲林地和厚荚相思林地的细菌数量明显大于巨尾桉林地;而巨尾桉林地的真菌和放线菌数量在春夏两季均大于另外两种林地,但秋冬两季则是3种林地中最少的.(3)3种林地的土壤蛋白酶活性在春季基本持平,但在夏季和冬季的差异却达到极显著水平;而3种林地的土壤过氧化氢酶活性均在夏季和冬季出现两次高峰,冬季的酶活性最大,差异达显著水平.分析表明不同树种对林地土壤微生物数量、组成以及土壤酶活性有重要影响.     

Seasonal changes in the spatial structures of N2O, CO2, and CH4 fluxes from Acacia mangium plantation soils in Indonesia

We evaluated the spatial structures of nitrous oxide (N₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and methane (CH₄) fluxes in an Acacia mangium plantation stand in Sumatra, Indonesia, in drier (August) and wetter (March) seasons. A 60 × 100-m plot was established in an A. mangium plantation that included different topographical elements of the upper plateau, lower plateau, upper slope and foot slope. The plot was divided into 10 × 10-m grids and gas fluxes and soil properties were measured at 77 grid points at 10-m intervals within the plot. Spatial structures of the gas fluxes and soil properties were identified using geostatistical analyses. Averaged N₂O and CO₂ fluxes in the wetter season (1.85 mg N m⁻² d⁻¹ and 4.29 g C m⁻² d⁻¹, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the drier season (0.55 mg N m⁻² d⁻¹ and 2.73 g C m⁻² d⁻¹, respectively) and averaged CH₄ uptake rates in the drier season (−0.62 mg C m⁻² d⁻¹) were higher than those in the wetter season (−0.24 mg C m⁻² d⁻¹). These values of N₂O fluxes in A. mangium soils were higher than those reported for natural forest soils in Sumatra, while CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes were in the range of fluxes reported for natural forest soils. Seasonal differences in these gas fluxes appears to be controlled by soil water content and substrate availability due to differing precipitation and mineralization of litter between seasons. N₂O fluxes had strong spatial dependence with a range of about 18 m in both the drier and wetter seasons. Topography was associated with the N₂O fluxes in the wetter season with higher and lower fluxes on the foot slope and on the upper plateau, respectively, via controlling the anaerobic-aerobic conditions in the soils. In the drier season, however, we could not find obvious topographic influences on the spatial patterns of N₂O fluxes and they may have depended on litter amount distribution. CO₂ fluxes had no spatial dependence in both seasons, but the topographic influence was significant in the drier season with lowest fluxes on the foot slope, while there was no significant difference between topographic positions in the wetter season. The distributions of litter amount and soil organic matter were possibly associated with CO₂ fluxes through their effects on microbial activities and fine root distribution in this A. mangium plantation.     

多花相思的组织培养和快速繁殖

用多花相思茎段作外植体,采用在木本植物茎叶组培材料上经常采用的3种消毒方法,以及前人已在相思类植物营养器官组培上取得成功的4种芽诱导培养基、芽增殖培养基和生根培养基进行对比试验。结果表明,材料消毒以1/800灭菌净10 min+75%酒精50 s+0.1%HgCl25 min处理效果最好;芽诱导和芽增殖都以改良MS+6-BA1.0+NAA0.2效果最好;生根效果最好的培养基是1/2MS+IBA1.0。     

寒胁迫诱导灰木相思无性系差异蛋白的表达

本实验提取寒胁迫前后的灰木相思组培苗的水溶性蛋白进行双向电泳和质谱鉴定,分析在寒胁迫条件下蛋白质组的变化。利用ImageMaster 5.0软件分析比较,经基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱测定差异蛋白点的肽质量指纹图谱,通过Mascot软件查询Swiss-Prot等数据库,鉴定得到4个显著差异蛋白点,R7、R15、R20表现为上调表达,R17表现为下调表达。结果表明:在寒胁迫条件下灰木相思组培苗存在明显的蛋白质表达差异。