Characteristics, composition and thermal stability of Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. seed oil

The chemical composition, main physicochemical properties and thermal stability of oil extracted from Acacia senegal seeds were evaluated. The oil, moisture and the ash contents of the seeds were 9.80%, 6.92% and 3.82%, respectively. Physicochemical properties of the oil were iodine value, 106.56 g/100 g of oil; saponification value, 190.23 mg KOH/g of oil; refractive index (25 °C), 1.471; unsaponifiable matter, 0.93%; acidity, 6.41% and peroxide value, 5.43 meq. O₂/kg of oil. The main fatty acids in the oil were oleic acid (43.62%) followed by linoleic acid (30.66%) and palmitic acid (11.04%). The triacylglycerols (TAGs) with equivalent carbon number ECN 44 (34.90%) were dominant, followed by TAGs ECN 46 (28.19%), TAGs ECN 42 (16.48%) and TAGs ECN 48 (11.23%). The thermal stability analysed in a normal oxidizing atmosphere showed that the oil decomposition began at 268.6 °C and ended at 618.5 °C, with two stages of decomposition at 401.5 °C and 576.3 °C. According to these results, A. senegal seed oil has physicochemical properties, fatty acids composition and thermal characteristics that may become interesting for specific applications in several segments of food and non-food industries.     

台湾相思水源涵养林土壤物理性质研究

台湾相思耐干旱瘠薄,能够改善土壤条件,且具有一定的材用价值。该文通过调查水源涵养林台湾相思为优势种群落的土壤,研究其土壤的物理性质。结果表明,台湾相思林分中的土壤含水率较低,土壤相对贫瘠,土壤紧实度相对较低,因而该树种适宜种植在干旱荒芜地区。     

灰叶荆群落生长和更新能力的研究

本文对厦门地区灰叶荆群落的生长和更新能力进行了研究。该植物3、4年生群落植株基径年增量为0.71～0.91cm;当年播种植株高和基径年增量分别为299.4和3.38cm;4、5年生群落母桩萌条的高和基径年增量分别为304.4～264.0cm和2.25～1.55cm。光照,温度和雨量是影响该植物生长和萌更的主要生态因子。光照的差异使群落内个体分化为被压木和优势木两类。该植物自然更新能力差,但其种子发芽力强,耐贮;影响种子发芽的主要因素是气温和采种期。     

马占相思种源试验

本文对马占相思两个试验点8个种源的3年生幼林生长进行分析。结果表明:各种源间的差异极显著。树高、胸径生长及材积和抗风力等指标,均以昆士兰的13242号种源最好。其树高、胸径、材积分别为最差种源的154％、158％、387％;其次是巴布亚新几内亚的13459号种源,树高、胸径、材积生长也为最差种源的144％、160％、370％;而印度尼西亚的13621号种源最差。同时,各种源的生长量与降水量、相对湿度和温度成正相关。     

工业和住宅污泥对大叶相思种子萌发以及幼苗生长参数的影响

在孟加拉国吉大港大学林业与环境科学院苗圃内,评价了污泥对大叶相思种子萌发以及幼苗生长的作用。播种前,将污泥与营养匮乏的自然林土壤按不同比率混合,分别在播种后的第1,2和3个月时,记录种子萌发情况和幼苗生长参数（枝条和根系的长度、直径、枝条的鲜重和干重、根和总的干物质量）。在播种前和幼苗采收后,分别测定各个处理的污泥-土壤混合物的理化参数（pH值、有机碳、氮、磷、钾）,以及重金属含量（铬、镍、锰、镉、锌）。结果表明,与对照相比,污泥-森林土壤混合物中播种的种子萌发率和幼苗生长参数发生显著变化。土壤-污泥按2：1混合时,种子萌发率最高（90%）,幼苗生长速率和生物量最大,有机碳和氮磷钾含量也最高。混有工业污泥的土壤中重金属含量要高于混有住宅污泥的土壤。在工业污泥土壤中,污泥-土壤按1：1混合时,重金属含量最高。据此推荐,在退化森林土壤中,土壤-污泥以2：1混合较适合大叶相思种子萌发和幼苗生长。     

木麻黄制备重组层积材研究

通过对木麻黄材料进行疏解、浸胶、晾晒、重组及热压等工艺开发了木麻黄重组层积材,并研究了不同密度的木麻黄重组层积材的耐水性能、静曲强度、弹性模量、水平剪切强度等方面的物理力学性能。结果表明:木麻黄可以进行重组热压,有工业化利用的前景,同时随着密度的增大,其物理力学性能也呈逐渐增大的趋势。     

Research note: Tests for inducible thorn defences against herbivory must consider plant growth strategies

Abstract

Thorn length and density on the latest year's growth were compared at three height (feeding) levels (<1m, >1m<2 m and >2 m) on individuals of Acacia karroo and Ziziphus mucronata in an area that was browsed by goats. Thorn length and density was greatest for branches within easiest reach of goats. However, there was no increase in thorn length or density on the latest year's growth of branches of A. karroo individuals protected from browsing. Thorns on distal ends of branches are relatively small and sparse and this is partly due to differences in internode length. Herbivores limit the extent of annual growth and this prevents development of small thorns characteristic of late season growth. Thus, browsed individuals which lack late season growth may have greater spinescence. This is only a passively induced response and is not due to the active production of larger thorns subsequent to browsing.     

马尖相思利用价值的研究

通过木材物理力学性质、木材热值、木材化学性质的测定，树皮单宁的定性、定量分析，树叶饲用成分的分析测定，生物量的测定等得出：木材宜做人造板、细木工、刨切单板等；木材有效热值高，属优质生物质燃料；木材综纤维素含量达７４．５％，适合制浆造纸。４年生树皮单宁含量达３２．８％，纯度８２．４％，属凝缩类，为优质栲胶原料。树叶含粗脂肪３．０％以上，粗蛋白１０％～１４．１７％，含１７种氨基酸，有开发利用饲料的价值。生物量大，４．５年生幼林地上部分生物量达２３．４８ｔ／ｈｍ￣２年；林下土壤０～３０ｃｍ内的有效氮含量比西南桦、山桂花、高阿丁枫三种人工纯林高２．１６％～２．３６％；比天然林高１．８８％～２．１９％，是优良的固氮树种。其经济效益显著，４．５～３．５年生人工纯林投入产出比分别为１：７．３７，１：４．４９。     

立地条件对华木莲人工林的影响

主要探索不同立地条件对华木莲人工造林的影响。     

Acacia cyanophylla for forage and fuelwood in North Africa

Forage and wood yield of Acacia cyanophylla, also known as Acacia saligna, was studied in a 300–400 mm precipitation zone in Tunisia. Yields were measured during and after drought. This short (2–8 m) evergreen leguminous tree is used as a forage drought reserve in frost free regions where mean annual precipitation exceeds 250 mm. The standing crop of leafy forage builds up year after year for at least four years or until the tree is cut. It rapidly regrows after cutting from coppice shoots. The leaves provide high protein forage for sheep and goats during the long dry summer season typical of the Mediterranean climate as well as emergency forage during drought. The tree is used to stabilize moving sand dunes, and as a windbreak to protect cropland. It also provides fuelwood and increasaes soil nitrogen by fixation. The need for supplemental irrigation during establishment is a major constraint. Research in the 350 mm precipitation zone of Tunisia found 3.2 year old trees to yield over 1400 kg of forage standing crop per hectare after a severe drought. Trees harvested at 2.5 years of age in May, during the worst drought in over 30 years, yielded a standing forage crop of 724 kg per hectare. Forage regrowth 8 months after cutting and 4 months after rains returned was 700 kg/ha. The forage standing crop for trees harvested only once during the 3.2 year period was double the amount of forage regrowth from trees harvested the previous year, but mean annual forage yield similar. This demonstrates that it is possible for forage to be conserved as a living forage reserve for later use during drought. Total wood yield was only 1621 kg/ha for trees cut twice compared to 3683 kg/ha for trees cut only once. Annual cutting will substantially reduce the amount of forage available during drought and reduce the production of fuelwood. It may also reduce the vigor, productivity and life of the tree. Acacia cyanophylla alley cropped on cereal farmland can protect the soil from erosion, protect the associated crop from wind damage, fix nitrogen, provide fuelwood and provide a reserve of high quality forage for use during drought. This work was supported by the Government of Tunisia and the U.S.A.I.D. Tunisia Range Development and Management Project (664-0312.8).