茶树品种对红茶茶汤色素及色差的影响

该文研究了茶树品种对红茶茶汤色素含量、色差值L*、a*、b*的影响。结果表明TF、TR、TB含量与L*、a*、b*之间呈显著相关;不同采摘标准下色素含量为一芽二叶一芽三叶,色差值a*、b*为一芽二叶一芽三叶,L*为一芽三叶一芽二叶,且其差值随品种而异,采摘标准不当可掩盖品种的品质潜力;基于鲜叶中茶多酚量(GTP)、茶多酚消耗量/鲜叶中茶多酚量(CTP/GTP)、色素生成量/茶多酚消耗量(GP/CTP)三个指标,六个茶树品种可被分为四组,分别为高GTP低CTP/GTP低GP/CTP品种,如凤庆3号;低GTP高CTP/GTP低GP/CTP品种,如梅占;GTP、CTP/GTP、GP/CTP同时高(或低)品种,如云抗10号、凤庆9号、清水3号;高GTP低CTP/GTP低GP/CTP品种,如群体种。其中群体种GP/CTP最高而CTP/GTP极低,且成品茶茶汤具有高a*、b*值、低L*值,表现出极佳的红茶适制性。通过选择适当的茶树品种与采摘标准可保证成品红茶的优质。     

旱生树种梭梭育苗技术研究

在宁夏灵武白芨滩国家级自然保护区,采用正交试验设计,针对影响梭梭苗木产量和质量的5个主要因素——播种时间、播种方法、施肥量、覆土厚度和播种量进行了系统研究,观测了4种处理条件下梭梭的出苗率、苗高、合格苗产量,然后运用方差分析和极差分析的方法分析了影响梭梭苗木质量和产量的因素,总结了一套适合在宁夏沙地进行梭梭育苗的技术．     

大兴安岭主要树种死可燃物含水率的实验分析

对大兴安岭16种乔木和灌木凋落的树叶、小枝和树皮含水率进行实验分析,结果表明：凋落的树叶、小枝和树皮的风干含水率差别不大,凋落的树叶与小枝的绝干含水率差异也不显著,但树皮与树叶和小枝的绝干含水率有显著差异;凋落的树叶、小枝和树皮风干含水率和绝干含水率无显著相关,这说明在分析抗火性时风干含水率和绝干含水率都要考虑进去;所选的16种树种的风干含水率和绝干含水率不存在差异,因此,在分析树种之间凋落的树叶、小枝和树皮抗火性差别时可以不考虑风干含水率和绝干含水率．     

Aflatoxin in maize,a multifaceted answer of Aspergillus flavus governed by weather,host-plant and competitor fungi

Aspergillus section Flavi is able to produce aflatoxins (AFs) in vitro down to 0.85 a_w with a potential maximum occurring between 0.95 and 0.99 a_w, while in the field AFs increased significantly with kernel humidity below 0.95 a_w. In order to clarify this apparent discrepancy, a 3-year field trial with artificial inoculation of maize ears with Aspergillus flavus strains was organised. The co-occurrence of Aspergillus section Flavi and Gibberella fujikuroi species complex (Gfsc) was observed. The incidence of A. flavus was significantly influenced by the year and negatively related to Gfsc incidence. In 2012, when the highest temperature and the lowest rain were registered, aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) content was the highest and a_w < 0.95 in kernels was measured early throughout the growing season. In 2013 and 2014, the temperature was lower and rain more abundant, and a_w decreased below 0.95 only close to harvest and AFB₁ contamination was limited. The possibility of describing/predicting reasonably well a_w dynamic based on temperature, (degree day) was confirmed. With a_w > 0.95, a positive correlation between AFB₁ production rate and a_w was found, but a negative correlation resulted with a_w < 0.95. Other factors than a_w play a role, but a_w = 0.95 should be considered as an indicator of suitable conditions for rapid aflatoxin accumulation.     

Ten-year responses of ponderosa pine growth,vigor, and recruitment to restoration treatments in the Bitterroot Mountains,Montana, USA

Little is known about ponderosa pine forest ecosystem responses to restoration practices in the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA. In this study, restoration treatments aimed at approximating historical forest structure and disturbances included modified single-tree selection cutting, with and without prescribed burning. We compared the effectiveness of restoration treatments on growth, vigor, and composition of recruitment responses with untreated controls. We used a randomized block design to detect treatment differences in mean individual tree basal area increment (BAInc10), growth efficiency (GE), and recruitment abundance between two restoration treatments (Cut-only and Cut-burn) and a Control. We further examined treatment effects by tree age-class (Young, Mature, Presettlement) using a spatial ANOVA model that incorporates the spatial autocorrelation among trees within experimental units. Ten years after implementing restoration treatments, mean individual tree BAInc10 and GE were significantly higher for treated units relative to Control units; all three age-classes benefited similarly from restoration treatments relative to the Control, with the greatest response in the Cut-only and moderate response in the Cut-burn. When treated units were compared, Cut-burn negatively affected BAInc10 and GE relative to Cut-only. Presettlement trees responded positively to treatment relative to the Control, particularly for BAInc10, demonstrating the potential of these old trees to respond to reduced competition. The Cut-burn treatment, in contrast, negatively affected the BAInc10 and GE response of postsettlement trees when compared to Cut-only. Restoration treatments did not reduce the amount of Douglas-fir recruits. In addition, the recruitment of both ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir species was associated with the proximate cover of woody debris in Cut-only and Control treatments. Finally, special consideration needs to be taken for spring Cut-burn treatments, which appeared to dampen growth and vigor, relative to Cut-only, particularly for Young and Mature trees, and increased recruitment of ponderosa pine and particularly Douglas-fir.     

Role of homestead forests in household economy and factors affecting forest production: a case study in southwest Bangladesh

Empirical information regarding the role of homestead forests in household economy is essential in understanding the importance of these resources. Identification of the factors that affect homestead forest production and understanding forest owners' attitudes toward key forest management issues have great significance in making appropriate policy responses to manage these resources on a sustainable basis. In Bangladesh, homestead forests are claimed to play an important economic role in rural livelihoods, but no reliable quantitative information exists. This study was undertaken to investigate the role of homestead forests in the household economy, examine if forest production and income vary across landholding size classes, to explore the relationships of homestead forest production with species richness, education level, and household size, and to assess the attitude of homestead forest owners toward key forest management issues. Results show that homestead forests contribute 15.9% of the household income and generate 51.4 man-days of employment per household per year. Production of homestead forests significantly varies across landholding size classes. It was observed that forest production depends significantly on species richness of homestead forests and the education level of forest owners. However, no such relationship was found between forest production and household size. The study revealed that farming families depend more on forest income than nonfarming families. Attitudes of forest owners toward key forest management issues differ significantly across landholding size classes. For example, although the majority of the forest owners prefer fruit species to timber species, the percentage of respondents decreased as the landholding size class increased, while the opposite trend was observed for timber species. The findings of this study suggest that diversification of forests and extension of education amongst forest owners would improve forest production. Furthermore, forest policy should address the concerns of the forest owners in different landholding classes and focus on their specific requirements to enhance sustainable forest management.     

Woody vegetation of protected areas in northern Togo. Cases of Barkoissi,Galangashi and Oti-Keran: ecological and structure analyses of plant communities

The 170 samples obtained from ligneous investigation in Barkoissi, Galangashi and Oti-Keran protected areas (northern -     

Measuring soil disturbance effects and assessing soil restoration success by examining distributions of soil properties

Successful restoration of an ecosystem following disturbance is typically assessed according to similarity between the restored site and a relatively undisturbed reference area. While most comparisons use the average or mean parameter to represent measured properties, other aspects of the distribution, including the variance of the properties may assist in a more robust assessment of site recovery. Our purpose was to compare soil properties in different ages of reclaimed soils with those in reference areas by incorporating the potentially different distributions according to areas. On two sampling dates, in consecutive years, we examined soil properties on a chronosequence of reclaimed natural gas pipelines spanning recovery ages of <1–54 years, obtaining data on soil moisture, organic carbon, nitrogen, electrical conductivity, pH, and microbial abundance. To make the comparisons, we analyzed our data with a Bayesian hierarchical linear mixed model and obtained posterior predictive distributions for the soil properties. This allowed us to probabilistically quantify the extent to which a soil property from a reclaimed treatment was similar to that from an undisturbed reference. We found that the posterior predictive variance of most soil properties was particularly sensitive to disturbance and reclamation, especially, within the first few years of recovery. Response of this variance to disturbance, reclamation, and recovery was not necessarily accompanied by a shift in the posterior predictive mean value of the property. Patterns for all soil properties changed over time, with posterior predictive distributions of soil properties generally becoming more similar to those of the undisturbed reference sites as recovery time increased. We suspect these trends in altered variability coincide with the degree of spatial heterogeneity in soil properties that results following disturbance and reclamation, which is also coupled to patterns of vegetation recovery.     

Investigation of the stripping process of the reactive dyes using organic sulphur reducing agents in alkali condition

This paper focuses on the stripping application of the reactive dyes using different recipes set up with different reducing agents and working parameters. We tried to develop alternative stripping methods using two kinds of thioureadioxide because of several disadvantages of sodium dithionite. The pretreated woven fabrics were dyed at 0.25%, 1%, 4% owf% using five commercial reactive dyes by exhaust method. Totally, 180 specimens were dyed. Then, these specimens were stripped using alternative recipes. In these recipes, we investigated the effects of types of the reducing agents, the concentration of the reducing agents and caustic, process temperature and the presence of leveling agent on the stripping efficiency. In order to examine the efficiency of the stripping processes, we measured the colorimetric values (L*, ΔL, ΔE) of pretreated, dyed and the stripped samples using commercial spectrophotometer and international measurement method. The experimental results were statistically evaluated using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with significance level ofα=0.05. According to the measured and calculated spectral results, we achieved to develop alternative methods using thioureadioxide instead of sodium dithionite. In terms of ANOVA, we found out that only concentration of caustic itself did not have significant effects on the efficiency of stripping.     

大菱鲆家系生长和耐热性状对比分析

利用40个大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)家系进行耐热性实验,测定相应生长和耐热性状指标,对耐热性状进行方差分析,并分析生长与耐热性状的相关情况。结果表明:在各家系生长前期,快速生长家系6个,生长较快家系26个,生长速度一般家系8个。在生长后期阶段,快速生长家系9个,生长较快家系28个,生长速度一般家系3个,仅有8号家系一直为快速生长家系。在耐热性状方面,各家系耐热性平均值在1 367.30～836.30℃.h之间,总体平均值为1 113.00℃.h。高耐高温家系为8号、33号和37号家系,其中33号家系耐热性数值最高,其耐热性平均值为1 367.30℃.h,不耐高温家系为3号、9号、16号、38号和40号家系,其中38号家系耐热性数值最低,其耐热性平均值为836.30℃.h。方差分析结果显示,不同家系间耐热性存在极显著差异(P<0.01),相关分析结果表明,各家系不同生长阶段与耐热性呈现不同的相关性。旨在探明生长性状与耐热性状的相关性,为大菱鲆的耐热家系选育奠定研究基础。