Modeling the Inclusion of Fish Powder and Fish Oil into Extruded Snacks by Response Surface Methodology

ABSTRACT

Extrusion cooking plays an important role in the production of puffed snacks, which enjoy wide acceptance all over the world and are potential vehicles for increasing the consumption of n-3 fatty acids. Response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design was adopted to investigate the effects of four independent variables (fish powder, fish oil, moisture, and screw speed) at five levels on expansion ratio, breaking strength index, hardness, color, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). A second order polynomial model was used to study the main, interactive, and quadratic effects of the independent variables and to explain the relationship between the responses and independent variables. Moisture was found to be the most significant factor (p < 0.001) influencing expansion ratio, breaking strength index, and color. Inclusion of fish powder and fish oil were found to be negatively associated with the expansion characteristics, resulting in decreased lipid oxidation due to less exposed surface area of the extrudates to air. Further, the absence of linear effect of fish powder and fish oil on TBARS demonstrated the possibility to incorporate higher levels of these ingredients to produce oxidatively stable extruded snacks rich in fish proteins.     

桉树组培苗嫩梢扦插育苗专用生根粉的研究

采用两种植物生长调节剂对桉树组培苗嫩梢扦插育苗的试验表明，吲哚丁酸配制的生根粉对桉树嫩梢扦插的插条具有促进生根作用，且其Ｉ４号生根粉对各种桉树的嫩梢插条的促根作用更中明显，在试验的４种桉树无性系组培苗中，插条生根率都达到８０％以上。     

0.3%氯化血红素可湿性粉剂对马铃薯生长与品质的调节效果

摘要：为了明确0.3%氯化血红素可湿性粉剂对马铃薯生长的调节效果，确定最佳用量，以克新6号马铃薯为材料，以8%甲哌鎓可湿性粉剂和清水分别作为药剂和空白对照，采取随机区组排列开展田间应用试验，分析不同用量0.3%氯化血红素可湿性粉剂配施专用助剂（SD）对马铃薯生长、产量及品质的影响。结果表明：处理1—处理5（667 m2分别施用0.3%氯化血红素可湿性粉剂10、20、30、40、0 g，并配施SD 20 g）平均株高、全叶鲜质量、茎粗和小区平均产量均较空白对照有所增加，且均以处理4（667 m2施用0.3%氯化血红素可湿性粉剂40 g＋SD 20 g）最大，处理3（667 m2施用0.3%氯化血红素可湿性粉剂30 g＋SD 20 g）次之，2者小区平均产量较空白对照分别极显著增加13.80%、10.73%，但与药剂对照差异均不显 著；处理1—处理5马铃薯块茎干物质量、淀粉含量、还原糖含量和VC含量等也均较空白对照有所增加，其中以处理4最高，处理3次之，2者均显著高于空白对照。安全性评价表明，各处理对马铃薯均是安全的。在马铃薯生产上，推荐每667 m2使用0.3%氯化血红素可湿性粉剂30～40 g＋SD 20 g。     

利用I-69杨树伐根萌芽更新与植苗造林的效果

对３ ａ 生Ｉ６９ 杨树伐根萌芽更新与植苗造林的成活率和生长量的连续观测结果表明，在幼龄期，伐根萌芽更新比植苗造林用工少，成活率高，生长量大，而且可以节省大量的造林和抚育管护经费，经济效益显著。     

ABT1号生根粉在穗花杉扦插生根试验中的应用

应用ABT1号生根粉对穗花杉1年生枝条插穗按生根粉稀释液的不同浓度、进行不同时间的浸泡处理,随机样方扦插生根试验研究表明:ABT1号生根粉对穗花杉1年生枝条插穗不定根的形成有显著作用,浸泡处理穗花杉1年生枝条扦穗的生根粉稀释液最佳浓度为200×10-6,最理想的浸泡时间为2 h。     

Effects of Dietary Ampitheoe sp. Powder on Growth and Lipid Contents of Litopenaeus vannamei北大核心CSCD

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Ampitheoe sp. powder on the growth and the contents of astaxanthin, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TCHO) and fatty acids of Litopenaeus vannamei. A total of approximately 6 777 L. vannamei with an initial body weight of (1. 80 ± 0.72) g were randomly divided into 3 groups, and there were 3 replicates (753 shrimp per replicate) in each group. Those shrimp fed diets containing 0 (D0 group), 8. 25% (D8. 25 group) and 33% (D33. 00 group) Ampitheoe sp. powder, respectively. The feeding trial lasted for 40 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the final body weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, yield and survival rate in D33.00 group were significantly higher than those in D0 group (P <0.05), whereas the feed conversion ratio was significantly lower than that in D0 group (P <0.05) . However, there was no significant difference between D33.00 group and the D8. 25 group in those indexes (P >0.05) . 2) The astaxanthin content in carapace, hepatopancreas and muscle of L. vannamei in D8.25 and D33. 00 groups was significantly higher than that in D0 group (P < 0. 05); that in D33.00 group was significantly higher than that in D8. 25 group (P < 0. 05) . 3) TG content in haemolymph, hepatopancreas and muscle in D8. 25 and D33. 00 groups was significantly lower than that in D0 group (P < 0.05); the TCHO content in hepatopancreas in D8. 25 group was significantly higher than that in D0 and D33.00 groups (P <0.05); TCHO content in muscle in D33.00 group was significantly higher than that in D0 group (P <0.05) . 4) The contents of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in hepatopancreas in D33.00 group were significantly higher than those in D0 group (P <0.05) . The EPA content in muscle in D33.00 group was significantly higher than that in D0 group (P < 0. 05) . In conclusion, adding Ampitheoe sp. powder into the diet can improve the growth performance, the contents of astaxanthin, EPA and AA in L. vannamei, and affect the accumulation of TG and TCHO, which can be used as a functional diet in aquaculture. Considering the cost, the supplementation level of 8. 25% Ampitheoe sp. powder is more appropriate. © 2023 Chinese Journal of Pediatric Surgery. All rights reserved.     

云南小粒咖啡果皮粉发酵酸奶的研制

以鲜牛奶为主要原料,添加云南小粒咖啡果皮粉、蔗糖、琼脂,直投式发酵菌种为发酵剂,以酸奶感官品质评分为考察指标,在单因素试验的基础上,应用Box-Behnken试验设计优化确定最佳的云南小粒咖啡果皮粉发酵酸奶的工艺与配方。结果表明:咖啡果皮粉添加量为鲜奶量的0.63%,蔗糖为鲜奶量的7.50%,琼脂为鲜奶量的0.55%,发酵时间6.6h时,获得的发酵酸奶的感官品质评分为91分,产品组织状态均匀,口感细腻,略带有咖啡香味,感官评价最佳。     

复合南瓜粉中花生四烯酸(ARA)添加工艺研究

介绍了花生四烯酸(ARA)油剂、粉剂在复合南瓜粉中的添加工艺,论述了ARA在添加工程中发生变化的因素和可能存在的问题。采用湿法和干法2种ARA添加工艺生产复合南瓜粉,ARA平均回收率分别为93.5%和95.9%,ARA损耗率较低。2种添加工艺对乳粉的感官指标、溶解度、过氧化值等关键质量指标无影响,说明湿法和干法添加ARA工艺均是可行和可靠的,而干法添加工艺在降低ARA损耗方面具有一定的优势。     

乳粉中非蛋白氮含量测定的不确定度评价

通过对乳粉中的非蛋白氮含量进行重复性测试,计算试验标准偏差,建立过程不确定度评价的数学模型,将测试过程中系统效应产生的不确定度进行了分类和量化,较为全面地评价了各个不确定度的分量,并提出该方法的不确定度评定结果。