The Langmuir parameters of orthophosphate and pyrophosphate sorption for ammoniated tropical soils

Abstract

The Langmuir parameters of orthophosphate (OP) and pyrophosphate (PP) sorption for the ammoniated tropical soils were determined. Positive linear relationships between OP and PP sorption maxima and amounts of anhydrous NH₃ added were noticed. Indexes of bonding energy of OP and PP increased exponentially as ammoniation level of the soils increased from 33 to 100% of ammonia retention capacity.     

Kinetics of ammonia volatilization of anhydrous ammonia applied to a vertisol as influenced by Farm Yard manure,sorbed cations and cation exchange capacity

Abstract

In laboratory experiments, effects of added Farm Yard Manure (FYM), sorbed cations and cation exchange capacity (CEC) on NH₃ volatilization of anhydrous ammonia applied to a Vertisol were studied at 0.3 bar soil Moisture Tension and 25 ± 1°C. On addition of FYM or with increase in CEC the volatilization of retained ammonia was reduced while the effect of the sorbed cations was in the order : K‐Soil > Na‐Soil > Ca‐Soil > Mg‐Soil. The results suggest that the volatilization of retained NH₃ followed First order reaction kinetics, with a rapid rate of volatilization in the initial 8 to 10 h followed by a retarded rate up to 144 h.     

Portable soil test laboratory results compared to standard soil test values

Abstract

Results from a commercially available portable soil test laboratory were compared to standard soil test procedures used by a public soil testing laboratory. Standard soil tests examined were water extracted NO₃‐N, pH, Acid‐P, NaHCO₃‐P, and ammonium acetate extracted K. Approximately 35 to 55 different soils were used to compare methods for each soil test. Linear regression equations between the portable laboratory soil test values and those from the standard procedures were developed. The r² values for NO₃‐N, pH, Acid‐P, NaHCO₃‐P, and K were 0.970, 0.891, 0.734, 0.742, and 0.887, respectively. The coefficient of variability values for NO₃‐N, pH, Acid‐P, NaHCO₃‐P, and K were 10, 1, 13, 15, and 6%, respectively for the portable laboratory, and 9, 2, 8, 9, and 5%, respectively for the public soil testing laboratory. Multiple regression was used to relate soil properties to soil test results. The R2 values for NO3‐N, pH, Acid‐P, NaHCO₃‐P, and K were 0.970, 0.911, 0.860, 0.940, and 0.936, respectively.     

Predicted effect of temperature and n fertilization on crop response of four cultivars of head lettuce

Abstract

An investigation was conducted on an Olivier silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, thermic aquic, Fragiudalfs) at two locations to determine the influence of 6 seasonal temperatures and 4 N rates on head diameter, head weight, tissue NO₃ concentration and crop yield of 4 head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars. An analysis of covariance was used to establish prediction equations for each dependent variable. Temperature was shown to have a significant curvilinear influence on all crop parameters. There was a significant cultivar X temperature interaction with respect to all dependent variables except tissue NO₃ concentration. Calculated optimum mean temperatures for maximum head diameters, head weights, and yields for all cultivars were found to range between 17.4° and 18.2°C.

Fertilizer N effects were significant on head weight and crop yield. Nitrogen rate did not significantly affect young leaf tissue N0₃ concentration. Greater tissue NO₃ levels were found at lower temperatures in the covariate range.

At optimum temperatures, the cultivar ‘Fairton’ produced larger diameter heads and greater yields.     

Resistance to the gall mite and American gooseberry mildew in black currants in relation to season of leafing out

Summary In black currant (Ribes nigrum) backcross progenies segregating for resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribis Westw. (gene Ce from Ribes grossularia L.), and to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae (Schw.) Berk. (gene Sph ₃from R. glutinosum), significant differences in season of leafing out occurred between the resistant and susceptible classes. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that two additive genes, Lf ₁and Lf ₂, controlled season of leafing out and that Ce and Sph ₃ were linked with Lf ₁.     

Seed priming and soil incorporation with silicon influence growth and yield of maize under water-deficit stress

Silicon (Si) has been known to enhance plant tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses besides its beneficial effects on plant growth and yield. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of Si against water-deficit stress in maize (Zea mays) applied through seed priming and soil incorporation methods, and to find out the optimum dose of Si under each method. In the seed priming experiment, seeds were exposed to different Si levels, up to 2 mM l^–1, germinating under three soil moisture regimes (100%, 75% and 50% field capacity-FC). In the soil incorporation study, the treatments included were six Si doses from 0 to 600 kg ha^–1 under the same soil moisture regimes. Grain yield was reduced by 59% and 69% in the seed priming and soil incorporation study, respectively, at 50% FC. Si application was effective irrespective of the application methods with higher cob length, 100-kernel weight and grain yield than the control. Application of Si at 1 mM l^–1 as seed priming and 300 kg ha^–1 as soil incorporation was more effective than other doses and could be recommended as optimum dose for Nakhon Sawan 3 hybrid maize variety under water-deficit stress.     

土壤中磷、钾、钙、镁的同时提取以及对巴西南部作物的钾肥推荐

Simultaneous multi-element extraction has been increasing worldwide to improve soil laboratory testing quality and effciency. This study sought to investigate the applicability of the Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3, and resin methods for simultaneous extraction of soil available P, K, Ca, and Mg as well as the effect of using conversion equations on nutrient recommendations for crops. Topsoil (0-20 cm) samples were taken from the most representative soil types used for crop production in southern Brazil with a wide range of chemical, physical, and mineralogical properties. Soil P, K, Ca, and Mg were simultaneously extracted using 1.0 mol L-1 KCl, Mehlich-1 and Mehlich-3 solutions, and membrane resin. The amounts of P extracted with the Mehlich-1 method were, on average, 50% lower than those extracted with the resin and Mehlich-3 methods. However, the resin method extracted the lowest amounts of K, Ca, and Mg. The use of conversion equations was suitable and it did not a?ect negatively the K recommendations for crops grown on soils of southern Brazil.     

Evaluation of a radiosity based light model for greenhouse cucumber canopies

Light distribution is a key factor of developmental and growth processes, and strongly depends on the foliage distribution which is affected, e.g., by the arrangement of the plants in the canopy. The precise simulation of the light distribution on organ level is an essential component for dynamical plant models which incorporate structural and physiological adaptions of plants to their environment. Combinations of static 3D plant models with 3D light models are used for analyzing the complex light distribution on leaf level in silico, but detailed measurements for evaluation of simulation results are almost non-existent. This study addressed the evaluation of a model on a high level of detail using individual leaf based light measurements in canopies of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). We combined a static 3D plant model derived from digitized plants on an individual organ scale with a mock-up of the surrounding canopy and a 3D radiosity based light distribution model. Variations of plant density and spacing were analyzed to cover a range of canopy architectures. An exclusion of components of the light environment by applying a shading encasement followed by a successive uncovering allowed investigating the scene under increasing levels of complexity. The combined 3D plant-light distribution approach allowed determining the interaction of the light directions and the canopy architecture as well as differences in the accuracy of the simulations. Depending on canopy architecture and shading treatment, the light distributions covered a range from exponentially shaped vertical gradients in encased treatments to nearly flat light profiles in nonencased conditions. In conclusion, simulations of leaf level PAR based on combinations of detailed 3D surfaced-based plant and light distribution models are suitable to derive light-induced physiological responses on organ level.     

小麦甲基结合蛋白基因MBD3重组表达载体的构建和原核表达

本研究构建了小麦甲基结合蛋白基因MBD3的原核表达载体pGEX-4T-MBD3, 转化大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3)工程菌株,在37 ºC,1 mM IPTG浓度条件下,成功诱导表达了的GST-MBD3融合蛋白,大小为49.6 kDа,这为进一步开展MBD3的蛋白纯化和功能分析奠定了基础。     

甘蓝型油菜BnADH3基因的克隆及转BnADH3拟南芥的耐淹性

利用RT-PCR技术从甘蓝型油菜耐淹品系WR-4中克隆获得Bn ADH3基因,其完整开放阅读框为1137 bp。该基因编码379个氨基酸,与甘蓝Bo ADH3基因和拟南芥At ADH3基因高度同源,同源性分别达到96%和91%。利用定量RT-PCR检测Bn ADH3基因在油菜耐淹系WR-4和不耐淹系WR-24中的表达表明,在淹水处理下该基因表达受到一定的诱导,淹水处理6 h后表达开始上调,说明Bn ADH3基因在油菜耐淹机制中发挥作用;将其转化到模式生物拟南芥中,采用幼苗淹水3 d后去水处理,测定表明转基因株系叶片和根系中乙醇脱氢酶活性均高于野生型;生长4周和6周的拟南芥植株淹水3 d后的表型显示,Bn ADH3的表达可增强拟南芥对淹水胁迫的耐性,处理的T2代转基因幼苗大部分恢复,但野生型幼苗枯死;调查表明,淹水5 d后野生型植株的存活率为26.7%,转基因株系ADH33和ADH44的存活率分别为80.0%和66.7%。