Effects of dietary lipid level on growth performance,body composition and digestive enzymes activity of juvenile sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

A feeding trial aimed to determine the effects of dietary lipid level on growth performance, body composition and digestive enzymes activity of juvenile sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Diets with six crude lipid levels (1.9, 13.8, 29.1, 43.6, 59.6 and 71.6 g kg^?1) were fed to sea cucumbers (initial weights 0.65 ± 0.01 g) at a density of 30 juveniles, once a day. After 60 days, body weight gain (BWG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake (FI) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) decreased with increasing dietary lipid levels. The sea cucumbers fed 1.9 g kg^?1 crude lipid showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) BWG than those of the sea cucumbers fed 59.6 and 71.6 g kg^?1 crude lipid. Intestinal protease and lipase activities generally increased with increasing dietary lipid levels. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content of body walls generally increased with increasing dietary lipid levels. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of body walls reached the maximum value at a dietary lipid level of 13.8 g kg^?1. N‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acid content followed the same pattern of DHA. According to the growth performance and body composition of sea cucumbers, it can be indicated that the optimum dietary lipid level for juvenile sea cucumbers is between 1.9 and 13.8 g kg^?1.     

饲料中添加不同水平的维生素D_3对草鱼幼鱼生长和体成分的影响

本文以酪蛋白和脱脂豆粕为蛋白源,糊精为糖源,玉米油和豆油为脂肪源的半纯化饲料为基础饲料,研究维生素D3对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)幼鱼生长及体成分的影响。维生素D3共设0,100,200,500,1000,2000,3000 IU/kg 7个添加梯度,每一梯度设3个重复,每个重复放养60尾初始体质量(3.86±0.34)g的草鱼,在(26.9±3)℃的流水系统中养殖8周。结果显示:维生素D3对草鱼幼鱼增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数、存活率、体水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪含量和血清钙浓度没有显著性影响(P>0.05);对照组和添加100 IU/kg维生素D3的试验组中,草鱼幼鱼的粗灰分显著低于其它试验组(P<0.05);与对照组相比,饲料中添加维生素D3对全鱼钙磷含量、血清磷离子浓度以及碱性磷酸酶活性影响显著(P<0.05)。根据维生素D3对全鱼钙磷含量的影响,草鱼幼鱼饲料中维生素D3适宜的添加量为1000 IU/kg。     

Effects of antimicrobial peptides on growth,morphology of foregut villi and related genes mRNA expression in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

A 60‐day feeding trial was conducted to examine the effects of different levels (0, 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) of antimicrobial peptides on growth, protease activity of foregut, the morphology of foregut villi and related genes mRNA expression level in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The results showed that the feed of antimicrobial peptides promote common carp growth, and the optimal dosage of antimicrobial peptides is 200–333 mg/kg in the common carp feed. The protease activity of 200 and 400 mg/kg groups were significantly higher than the control and other groups (p < 0.05). The foregut villus height with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide groups were significantly higher than control group (p < 0.05). The crypt depth of 200 and 400 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide groups were significantly lower than control group (p < 0.05). The ratio of villus height and crypt depth of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide groups were significantly higher than control group (p < 0.05). The ratio with 600 mg/kg group was significantly lower than the control group (p < 0.05). The IGF‐I gene expression level of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg groups were significantly higher than the control group and 600 mg/kg group (p < 0.05). The IL‐1β gene expression level of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg groups were significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.05). These results indicated up‐regulation of growth and immune related genes in antimicrobial peptides fed common carp. Correlation analysis showed that IGF‐I mRNA and IL‐1β mRNA were positively correlated with SGR. IL‐1β mRNA and FCR were significantly negative correlated. It indicated that growth and immune gene common regulated the growth of the carp under antimicrobial peptides intervention. In conclusion, antimicrobial peptides can improve growth and related genes mRNA expression in the common carp. Further studies using molecular biological technique or immunologic methods are required to conclude that antimicrobial peptides are beneficial in common carp.     

罗氏沼虾育苗水质变动因子及处理技术的研究

针对目前罗氏沼虾育苗生产操作流程,作者研究了育苗池中三态氮、ＣＯＤ 及ｐＨ 等水质变化状况,其特点是这些化学指标无明显的昼夜变化,但ＮＨ３－Ｎ、ＮＯ２－ －Ｎ 含量较高,并呈现波动式上升的趋势,ＣＯＤ 含量较为稳定。从育苗安全性需要出发,还研究了育苗水的预处理模式以及投饵、换水、施药对育苗池水质的影响,结果表明,对河口天然水进行预处理是必要的,作为常规在操作管理上坚持每天彻底排污、适时适量换水、合理用药能有效控制育苗水的水质状况,即使采取高密度（ Ｚ１：２２万尾／ｍ ２）育苗也能获得较高的出苗率     

Phenotypical parameters as a tool to evaluate the immunostimulatory effects of laminarin in Oncorhynchus mykiss

Laminarin is a β‐glucan from the brown algae Laminaria digitata (J.V. Lamour), which can activate innate immune responses. With the aim of developing a strategy to evaluate specific phenotypical parameters of the effects of laminarin in trout innate immunity, we (i) fed fish with laminarin‐supplemented diet (0.2 g kg^?1 day^?1) for 21 days and (ii) treated fish with a single dose of intraperitoneal injected laminarin (0.08 g kg^?1 fish). The evaluation of cellular and humoral immune parameters was established at phenotypic level by the phagocytic activity of headkidney macrophages and detection of inflammatory cytokines in head kidney and gill tissue by indirect ELISA. Results showed that both delivery methods of laminarin produce an increase in the phagocytic activity in head kidney macrophages and a significant increase in the production of TNFα and IL‐8 in gill tissue at day 21. Additionally, some of these parameters were significantly correlated (P < 0.025), which places them as new potential combined markers to detect activation of trout defense mechanisms by laminarin. These results highlight the importance of developing new protocols to quantitate immune parameters, in order to evaluate immunostimulants in fish farming.     

罗非鱼不同组织脂肪酸含量的分析

分别取罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)的肉、脂肪、肝、眼和皮等组织,用氯仿-甲醇(2∶1,v/v)提取,以C17∶0为内标物,利用气相色谱-质谱法(GC/MS)分析了各组织脂肪酸种类及含量。结果显示:罗非鱼各种组织中含有16种脂肪酸,富含多不饱和脂肪酸。脂肪组织中的脂肪酸含量最高,其次是眼睛、肝脏、鱼肉和鱼皮;各组织中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量为202~8869 mg/kg,主要为棕榈酸(C16∶0)和硬脂酸(C18∶0);单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量为293~11219 mg/kg,主要为棕榈油酸(C16∶1)和油酸(C18∶1);多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量为362~8293 mg/kg,主要是亚油酸(C18∶2)、亚麻酸(C18∶3)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA,C22∶6);n-6/n-3为1.20~2.46。     

饲料VD3水平对黄颡鱼转录组差异基因表达的影响

为研究饲料中添加维生素D_3对黄颡鱼基因表达的影响,实验基于RNA-Seq技术对用添加不同水平维生素D_3[0(VD0),1243(VD2),22700(VD20)IU/kg]的饲料喂养的黄颡鱼肾脏和小肠的转录组数据进行分析。通过对305 568982条原始reads的筛选和排除,得到了83 265条unigenes,平均长845.38 nt,N50为1620 nt。利用Blast等相关软件对数据进行深度分析,得到功能注释基因共29 224个。根据GO富集分析发现,差异表达基因主要集中在细胞过程、代谢通路、生物调控等通路中,KEGGpathway富集分析结果显示,代谢通路涉及基因最多,有1532个。相对于对照组,添加1243和22700 IU/kg的VD_3(VD0 vs VD2/VD0vs VD20)可得到共同上下调基因共380个,其中上调基因266个,下调基因114个;3种水平下共同上下调的基因共2 1个,其中上调基因4个,下调基因1 7个。研究表明,在饲料中添加不同浓度维生素D_3会对黄颡鱼的生长代谢和生物调控等相关基因表达产生影响,且不同浓度实验组,相关基因的表达存在差异。本实验通过对差异表达基因的后续分析及预测,为黄颡鱼的生长代谢及疾病预防等方面的研究提供了丰富的数据来源。     

Fe~(3+)对鼠尾藻光合呼吸作用和生化组成的影响

研究了不同浓度Fe~(3+)对鼠尾藻光合作用、呼吸作用和体内不同生化组成的影响。结果表明,不同的Fe~(3+)浓度对鼠尾藻真光合速率和呼吸速率均有显著的影响,在0.04 mg/L的Fe~(3+)浓度下鼠尾藻的光合作用能力达到最强,而0.06 mg/L的Fe~(3+)浓度下鼠尾藻的呼吸作用达到最高;不同Fe~(3+)浓度下,鼠尾藻体内叶绿素a浓度和类胡萝卜素浓度变化显著,可溶性蛋白含量和可溶性糖含量变化不显著。     

基于12SrRNA和ND3基因序列分析巨[鱼丕]遗传多样性及系统进化

为从分子水平研究巨[鱼丕](Bagarius yarrelli Sykes)的遗传多样性和系统进化关系,本实验对采集于怒江、澜沧江、元江3河流5种群中的60个个体进行12S rRNA和ND3基因序列的PCR扩增,同时与红河河口群体12个个体的12S rRNA和ND3基因序列进行比对分析,采用Mega5.02软件对碱基组成、Kimura-2 parameter遗传距离、可变位点等进行分析。应用DnaSP软件进行遗传多样性相关参数的计算。结果显示:12S rRNA和ND3基因序列长度分别为954 bp和346 bp(349 bp),分别定义了51个单倍型和42个单倍型,12S rRNA和ND3序列中的碱基平均含量分别为:T为20.8%、C为25.7%、A为32.1%、G为21.4%和T为29.5%、C为28.2%、A为28.1%、G为14.1%,表现出明显的A+T偏倚性;6个群体的群体内和群体间的遗传距离分别为0.003~0.284(12S rRNA),0.009~0.059(ND3)和0.004~1.062(12S rRNA),0.008~0.143(ND3);12S rRNA基因的51个单倍型和ND3基因的42个单倍型序列总的单倍型多样性(Hd)、核苷酸多样性(Pi)及核苷酸平均差异数(K)分别为0.972和0.937、0.035和0.079、31.414和27.176,均显示出丰富的遗传多样性。结合从GenBank中下载的12S rRNA和ND3基因同源序列的[鱼丕]科9属10种鱼类进行系统发育树的构建,结果表明巨[鱼丕]独自汇聚成一大单系群,怒江潞江坝群体、怒江三江口群体及澜沧江临沧群体间关系较近,澜沧江景洪群体可单独构成一个单系种群,红河河口群体、红河曼耗群体与其它巨[鱼丕]构成一单系种群后再同澜沧江景洪群体汇聚成一支。