樟树幼树光合特性及其对CO2浓度和温度升高的响应

用Li COR 6 4 0 0便携式光合作用测定系统对亚热带常绿阔叶树种樟树幼树的光合特性及其对CO2 升高的响应进行了研究。结果表明 :樟树叶片光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线 ,最高峰出现在 10 :0 0 ,次高峰出现在 14 :0 0 ,午间有明显的“午休”现象 ,气孔因素是导致午休的主要原因。中午光照强度大 ,叶片与空气之间的水汽压差达到最大值 ,相对湿度、气孔导度、胞间CO2 浓度达到最小值 ,诱导叶片光合午休。正常大气条件下 ,樟树叶片光饱和点为 12 5 0 μmol·m- 2 s- 1 ,光补偿点 4 0 6 μmol·m- 2 s- 1 ,在 10 0 0 μmol·m- 2 s- 1 光强下CO2 饱和点为 12 0 0 μmol·mol- 1 ,CO2 补偿点为 5 0 μmol·mol- 1 。水分利用效率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率在不同的CO2 浓度梯度下 ,随着光强的增加而增加。在 2 4～ 35℃时 ,随着光合有效辐射的增加 ,温度升高导致樟树光合速率降低。     

甘蔗渣制造活性炭的研究和试生产

本文研究了甘蔗渣用氯化锌法生产活性炭的可能性,探索最佳工艺条件和进行工业规模生产的可行性。实践表明,甘蔗渣是制造高脱色力糖用炭的优良原料之一,甘蔗渣用化学法生产活性炭操作工艺简单,产品质量优良,糖用炭的主要指标达到或超过林业部颁LY216-79一级品标准。     

橡胶木防霉防蓝变药剂的现场试验

现场试验的结果表明，F1/F2混剂处理的橡胶木圆盘、单板的防霉及防蓝变效果较F2及五氯酚钠要好。F1/F2及五氯酚钠各制剂处理的板材基本上无霉菌感染及蓝变。在真空加压试验中，0.02?可保持橡胶木板材在气干过程中12天基本不霉变及蓝变，但对白霉的防治效果较差；0.0094?与0.018?混合剂可保持像胶木板材气干时15天不长霉或蓝变，增加F1/F2的浓度可能会在气干时保持更长的时间。     

2-(4-硝基苯基)吡啶衍生物的合成研究

以对硝基苯胺和合成得到的2-溴-4-硝基苯胺为原料, 采用Gomberg-Bachmann芳基偶联反应,合成了两种电致磷光材料的关键中间体2-(4-硝基苯基)吡啶和2-(2-溴-4-硝基苯基)吡啶,并通过1HNMR确证了产物结构.研究结果表明,该合成方法简单、可行,芳基偶联产物2-(4-硝基苯基)吡啶和2-(2-溴-4-硝基苯基)吡啶的产率分别达到了22.5%和5.9%,其中前者超过文献报道水平,后者未见文献报道.     

Determination of drought tolerance using root activities in Robinia pseudoacacia ''Idaho'' transformed with mtl-D gene

Idaho locust (Robinia pseudoacacia 'Idaho') is an exotic multi-purpose tree used in landscaping, soil and water conservation, fodder sources and others. To improve its drought tolerance for reclaiming arid land, five lines of transformed mtl-D gene, as osmotic regulator in plant cells, have been selected and managed to determine their drought tolerance under experimental conditions.Qualitative and quantitative variables of transformed plants were studied. The critical value of drought tolerance was determined by detecting the 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) reductants in roots and soil water content (SWC). The critical value for drought tolerance was SWC 6% while for the control plants the critical SWC was 8%; a moderate level of SWC is 13% and the highest SWC for plant endurance was 18%. The method proved to be reliable and sensitive in the evaluation of drought tolerance for forest trees.     

Supercritical fluid extraction of sapogenins from tubers of Smilax china

Supercritical CO(2) fluid extraction (SFE-CO(2)) was used to extract the sapogenins after acid hydrolysis from Smilax china tubers. The influence of extraction variables, such as modifier, pressure, temperature and extraction time, were studied. SFE-CO(2) was found to produce higher yield than conventional solvent extraction. The highest yield (0.454%) of sapogenins, mostly containing diosgenin, was obtained using 35 MPa pressure, 65 degrees C and 95% EtOH as a modifier for 180 min, higher than that obtained with conventional extraction methods (0.385%).     

Tracer methods to assess nutrient uptake distribution in multistrata agroforestry systems

Separate assessment of nutrient uptake by individual plants in mixed cropping with trees is impossible without tracer techniques. The different ¹⁵N-to-¹⁴N isotope ratio of atmospheric and soil N can be used to study the contribution of biologically fixed N to the nutrition of associated trees. In most cases, the assessment of nutrient uptake distribution is an appropriate way of evaluating how to improve the transfer of biologically fixed N. Radioisotopes (e.g., ³²P), stable isotopes (e.g., ¹⁵N) and rare elements (e.g., Sr) can be used to determine relative root activity distribution by applying the tracer to different soil depths or distances from trees. A broadcast application of the tracer instead of point application makes it possibe to calculate uptake values per unit area. The direct determination of nutrient pathways with such robust experiments offers considerable advantages for improving nutrient use efficiency and complementarity in multistrata agroforestry systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Energy and carbon dioxide (CO2) balance of logging residues as alternative energy resources: system analysis based on the method of a life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis

Using the method of a life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis, the energy balance and the carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission of logging residues from Japanese conventional forestry as alternative energy resources were analyzed over the entire life cycle of the residues. The fuel consumption for forestry machines was measured in field experiments for harvesting and transporting logging residues at forestry operating sites in Japan. In addition, a total audit of energy consumption was undertaken. It involved an assessment of materials, construction, and the repair and maintenance of forestry machines as well as the costs associated with an energy-conversion plant. As a result, the ratio of energy output to input was calculated to be 5.69, indicating that the system examined in this study could be feasible as an energy production system. The CO₂ emission per MWh_e (e: electricity) of the biomass-fired power generation plant was calculated to be 61.8kgCO₂/MWh_e, while that of coal-fired power generation plants in Japan is 960kgCO₂/MWh_e. Therefore, the reduction in the amount of CO₂ emission that would result from replacing coal with biomass for power generation by as much as 3.0 million dry-t/year of logging residues in Japan was estimated to be 1.66 million tCO₂/year, corresponding to 0.142% of the national CO₂ emission. This study provides evidence that Japan could reduce its domestic CO₂ emission by using logging residues as alternative energy resources.     

Lignin fragments rich in detached side-chain structures found in water-soluble LCC

The content of the glyceraldehyde-2-aryl ether-type structure in water-soluble lignin–carbohydrate complex (LCC) fractions, which were obtained from Japanese cedar and birch residual wood meal after milled wood lignin isolation, was determined by ozonation. Quite high amounts of the glyceraldehyde-2-aryl ether-type structure were found in water-soluble LCC fractions of both species; about 3–5 times higher than those of other fractions. This result, as well as the high content of the β-1 structure in these fractions shown in our previous reports, suggest that lignin in these fractions has the characteristics of endwise-type lignin, because the glyceraldehyde-2-aryl ether-type structure and β-1 structure are typical characteristics of this type of lignin fraction. These results are in good agreement with the generally accepted hypothesis that the glyceraldehyde-2-aryl ether-type structure and β-1 structure are generated at the same time by a radical coupling reaction. The results also indicated that these two structures are present in close proximity in the lignin.     

Assignment of the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of 2-aminobenzamide-labeled galacto- and arabinooligosaccharides

1,4-Linked β-d-galactooligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization (DP) between 1 and 7 and 1,5-linked α-l-arabinooligosaccharides with a DP between 1 and 8 were labeled at their reducing ends with 2-aminobenzamide (2AB) in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride. The 2AB-labeled oligosaccharides were shown to be homogeneous using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) and by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The signals in the ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of the 2AB-labeled oligosaccharides were then assigned using one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. These NMR data will be useful for the structural analysis of enzymatically synthesized galactan and arabinan side chains derived from rhamnogalacturonan I.