用 137Cs示踪法研究密云水库周边土壤侵蚀与氮磷流失

运用 ¹³⁷Cs核素示踪技术，研究密云水库周边地区及白河上游地区土壤侵蚀与氮、磷流失状况及其相互之间的量变关系。研究结果表明：从土壤表层(0～20 cm) ¹³⁷Cs分布规律基本符合地形地貌的变化规律，山坡上部的 ¹³⁷Cs含量低于山坡中部与坡下部，但是如果山顶具有缓坡或山角下具有陡坡，则 ¹³⁷Cs含量变化规律相反。根据土壤 ¹³⁷Cs监测数据结果判定该地区基本属于轻度侵蚀和中度侵蚀，部分地区侵蚀情况达到剧烈程度。不同景观与土地利用方式对土壤氮、磷分布有巨大影响：有机质、全氮、水解氮含量均是以灌丛土壤最高，林地次之，与流域内 ¹³⁷Cs分布规律相符合；而农田中全磷、速效磷含量最高。不同区域土壤养分含量不同：水库上游地区土壤氮素、磷素含量均低于水库周边地区。证明不合理的人为活动严重的增强了土壤侵蚀程度与养分流失量。回归模拟了土壤中 ¹³⁷Cs、( ²¹⁰Pb)与全氮、全磷、水解氮、速效磷含量之间的数学模型。这些模型在区域较小、景观单一的范围内可以定量分析、预报预测各采样区的全磷和有效态氮、磷含量的变化趋势。简化了监测与分析测试程序。扩大了核素示踪技术的应用范围。     

Using Cs‐137 fingerprinting technique to estimate sediment deposition and erosion rates from Yongkang depression in the karst region of Southwest China

Understanding the erosion and deposition rates is very important for designing soil and water conservation measures. However, existing methods of assessing the rates of soil loss present many limitations and are difficult to apply to in karst areas, and there is still very little data in this areas. Karst depressions comprise geomorphologically important sources and sinks for sediments and can provide the long‐term history records of environmental changes. But there have been few similar studies focused on its sediments in the world. In this paper, the Cs‐137 technique was employed to estimate the sediment deposition rate of karst depression to assess the surface erosion. The results indicate that the average deposition rate, deposition amount and specific deposit yield for the Yongkang catchments since 1963 were estimated to be 4·32 mm y⁻¹, 3·16 t y⁻¹and 20·53 t km⁻² y⁻¹, respectively. The results obtained were consistent with the actual monitoring data of local runoff plots, and confirm the validity of the overall approach. So it was suggested that the mean specific sediment yields of 20 t km⁻² y⁻¹ can be representative of the soil loss rates in the regions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北京山区果园水平阶整地措施的水土保持效益

坡地果树产业已成为北京山区市县农业的重要组成部分.坡地果园坡度大,地表覆盖低,土壤侵蚀严重.水平阶整地是北京山区坡地果园的重要水土保持措施之一,定量测算坡地果园土壤侵蚀速率和水平阶整地措施的水土保持效益对于实现资源环境和经济的可持续协调发展具有重要的实际意义.分别采集北京山区无措施（昌平）和水平阶整地措施（密云、怀柔）后的土壤样品,通过测定137 Cs面积活度换算土壤侵蚀速率,估算北京山区坡地果园水平阶整地措施的水土保持效益.结果表明：昌平、密云和怀柔坡地果园的土壤侵蚀速率分别为5 331、2 494和1 970 t/（km2·a）,水平阶整地措施减少50％的土壤侵蚀量,可起到降低土壤侵蚀的作用;但是由于年久失修,没能完全发挥其应有的水土保持功效.     

134Cs在鸡体内累积与代谢

本试验以鸡为研究对象,探明134Cs在鸡体内的累积与代谢情况,为减少放射性同位素污染及安全提供参考依据。结果表明：134Cs引入后能很快被鸡体吸收,并迅速转移到各内脏器官和组织中,6h放射性比活度在肝、肠、胰、心中积累较高,达到3210780±1560Bq～4568580±1860Bq ,血、肉、骨、毛中累积较少,在198480±360～198480±360Bq之间, 之后随着时间的延长,而逐渐降低。在24h时,组织中放射性比活度下降到6h时的30%左右。到第69d时除毛和肉中以外,其余器官和组织中均未能检测到放射性134Cs的存在。喂饲NaCl能减轻134Cs在鸡体内的积累。清水浸洗对鸡肉中134Cs清除效果明显。     

侵蚀引起的苏南坡地土壤退化

Soil erosion accelerates soil degradation. Some natural soils and cultivated soils on sloping land in southern Jiangsu Province, China were chosen to study soil degradation associated with erosion. Soil erosion intensity was investigated using the ¹³⁷Cs tracer method. Soil particle-size distribution, soil organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were measured, and the effects of erosion on soil physical and chemical properties were analyzed statistically using SYSTAT8.0. Results indicated that erosion intensity of cultivated soils was greater than that of the natural soils, suggesting that cultivation increased soil loss. Erosion also led to an increase of coarser soil particle proportion, especially in natural soils. In addition, silt was the primary soil particle lost due to erosion. However, in cultivated fields, coarser soil particles over time were attributed not only to soil erosion but also to mechanical eluviation as a result of farming activities. Moreover, erosion caused a decrease in soil OM, TN and TP as well as thinning of the soil layer.     

坡耕地黑土有机碳和全氮的迁移与累积平衡

本文利用137CS示踪技术计算东北黑土坡耕地土壤再分布速率,结合表层土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)含量动态,探索典型漫岗坡地SOC和TN流失量的空间分布特征,据此计算研究区近50年来SOC和TN迁移、累积平衡。研究结果表明:研究区土壤再分布速率介于-24.61~33.56 T/HM2/A,绝大部分地区处于中度和轻度侵蚀状态,约占研究区总面积的83.66%,沉积面积占总面积的15.62%。SOC和TN的流失量与土壤再分布速率相一致,坡肩部位SOC和TN流失量最大,侵蚀损失率分别为407.57 KG/HM2/A和39.94 KG/HM2/A;其次为坡背和坡顶,平均流失量分别为244.2 KG/HM2/A和17.93 KG/HM2/A;坡脚和坡趾表现为累积,平均累积量分别为-207.2 KG/HM2/A和-20.56 KG/HM2/A。整个研究区SOC和TN的相对流失量>50%的面积分别占10.45%和11.21%。整个研究区48年来土壤净迁移泥沙量为45.54 T/A,其中,SOC流失量为612.62 KG/A,TN流失量为47.20 KG/A。考虑迁移泥沙对土壤有机质的富集作用,迁移损失的SOC和TN量比原计算值高52%。     

应用137Cs技术调查河漫滩沉积物的研究进展

人工同位素137Cs可以作为环境示踪因子研究河漫滩沉积物.综述了应用137Cs技术调查河漫滩沉积物的沉积率、确定沉积物来源和研究与沉积物相结合的污染物质的研究进展.     

基于土壤~(137)Cs监测的土壤侵蚀与有机质流失——以密云水库为例

本文运用137Cs核素示踪技术,研究北京重要的水源供应地密云水库周边地区及白河上游地区土壤侵蚀状况与有机质流失状况及其相互之间的量变关系。试验结果表明:0～20cm土层中山坡上137Cs含量低于坡中、坡下,但若山顶具有缓坡或山角下具有陡坡则137Cs含量变化规律相反。根据水利部标准与土壤137Cs监测结果,密云水库周边大部分地区基本属于轻度侵蚀和中度侵蚀,部分地区侵蚀情况严重,达到了剧烈侵蚀的程度。不同土地利用方式对土壤有机质分布有很大影响,有机质含量分布为灌丛>林地>果园>农田;上游地区有机质含量高于水库周边地区土壤,表明人为活动加剧了土壤侵蚀和有机质的流失。对于景观单一,地域较小的采样区进行三次曲线数学模拟,其相关系数高达0.9左右,表明在监测土壤137Cs、210Pb含量变化的同时,可以利用小区域数学模型直接预报预测土壤有机质含量的变化。     

小麦抗氧化能力对Cs+富集响应的研究

以小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)为材料,在三叶期用不同浓度Cs+(CsCl)进行处理,处理浓度分别为0、0.5、1、5、10和20mmol·L-1,处理7、14、21和28d后分别取样,研究小麦对不同浓度Cs+的富集差异,并探讨Cs+对小麦幼苗抗氧化能力的影响.结果表明,小麦幼苗中Cs+含量与处理浓度...     

Slope Basis Deposits Linked to Long-Term Land Use in NE-Germany

In the absence of long-term records of soil erosion by land use change in the moraine landscape, NE-Germany, slope basis deposits offer considerable potential for reconstructing the changing soil erosion rates at a catena scale in response to the environmental change. A pit with a length of 61m and an average depth of 1.5 to 3m was opened along the catena, located 60km east of Berlin, NE Germany. The 137 Cs and 210 Pb ex dating in conjunction with soil profile analysis methods were used to define a chronology for the accumulated soil materials at slope basis of the catena. The temporal patterns of sediment accumulation rates at study catena were subdivided into five time periods. The deposited depth of sediments in the slope basis has increased eight to ten - fold during the periods between 1954 and 1986 compared to the deposit depth over the past 600 years. Over the last 100 years, deposited depth at the slope basis of the catena increased from 0.49 cm/yr to 1.04 cm/yr and then decreased to 0.45 cm/yr. Increase in sedimentation rate in the time period from 1897 to 1986 corresponded to intensive agricultural tillage operations whereas a decrease in sedimentation after 1986 corresponded to a land use change from arable land to grassland of the study catena.