Metabarcoding of feces and intestinal contents to determine carnivorous diets in red-crowned cranes in eastern Hokkaido,Japan

The red-crowned crane Grus japonensis in Hokkaido, Japan forms a closed population as a residence that is independent of the mainland population. Based on observations of a limited number of individuals as well as cranes in captivity, red-crowned cranes are omnivores and eat fish, worms, insects and plants in their own territories except in winter, when they are fed with dent corn that is supplied in eastern Hokkaido. DNA metabarcoding based on high throughput sequencing was carried out using universal primer sets for cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene. Feces from 27 chicks collected in June and July in the period from 2016 to 2018 and intestinal contents from 33 adult and subadult cranes that were found dead almost throughout year in 2006–2013 in the field in eastern Hokkaido were used. Although compositions varied considerably in the cranes, both insects and fish were found in adults and subadults to the same extents, while insects were predominant in chicks. Both insects and fish were detected in all seasons for adults and subadults. Horse flies, scarab beetles and weevils accounted for the most of the insects regardless of the life stage. Dace, stickleback, flatfish and sculpin were the major fish species in adults, while chicks ate almost only stickleback. The results provide the first comprehensive data on carnivorous diets in wild red-crowned cranes in eastern Hokkaido as basis for conservation of red-crowned cranes, for which the life style and area continue to change.     

蚯蚓与黑麦草相互作用对土壤中荧蒽去除的影响

Earthworms can promote the bioremediation of contaminated soils through enhancing plant growth and microorganism development. The individual and combined effects of earthworms and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) on the removal of fluoranthene from a sandy-loam alluvial soil were investigated in a 70-d microcosm experiment. The experiment was set up in a complete factorial design with treatments in four replicates: without earthworms or ryegrass (control, CK), with earthworms only (E), with ryegrass only (P), and with both earthworms and ryegrass (EP). The residual fluoranthene, microbial biomass C, and polyphenol oxidase activity in the soil changed significantly (P<0.01) with time. In general, the residual concentration of fluoranthene in the soil decreased sharply from 71.8-88.7 to 31.7-37.4 mg kg 1 in 14 d, and then decreased gradually to 19.7-30.5 mg kg 1 on the 70th d. The fluoranthene concentration left in the soil was the least with both earthworms and ryegrass, compared to the other treatments at the end of the experiment. Half-life times of fluoranthene in the E, P, and EP treatments were 17.8%-36.3% smaller than that of CK. More fluoranthene was absorbed by earthworms than ryegrass. However, the total amounts of fluoranthene accumulated in both the ryegrass and earthworms were small, only accounting for 0.01%-1.20% of the lost fluoranthene. Therefore, we assumed that microbial degradation would play a dominant functional role in fluoranthene removal from soil. We found that earthworms significantly increased microbial biomass C and polyphenol oxidase activity (P<0.01) in the presence of ryegrass at the end of the experiment. Furthermore, microbial biomass C and polyphenol oxidase activity were significantly (P<0.05) and negatively related to the residual fluoranthene concentration. This implied that earthworms might promote the removal of fluoranthene from soil via stimulating microbial biomass C and polyphenol oxidase activity.     

硼钙营养对胡柚果实激素及相关酶代谢的影响

连续2年对胡柚进行叶面喷施硼(B)、钙(Ca)及硼加钙(B+Ca)试验,以探讨B、Ca及其互作对胡柚果实吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)、脱落酸(ABA)等内源激素代谢的影响效应。结果表明,B及B+Ca处理明显降低胡柚果实的IAA、GA3、ABA的含量及果实发育前期的ABA/(IAA+GA3)比率,降低了IAA氧化酶的活性,提高了过氧化物酶(POD)的活性;Ca处理对激素代谢的影响效应相对较小。     

猪MAPK12基因cDNA的克隆及序列分析

目的 克隆新的猪MAPK12基因全长ORF，分析其生物特性，为进一步研究该酶的功能提供信息资料。方法：以已报道的人及小鼠MAPK12基因cDNA序列为依据，利用电脑克隆策略获得的ESTs设计引物，RT-PCR技术扩增新的猪MAPK12基因ORF序列，将PCR产物直接进行序列测定。分析此蛋白的特性并预测其结构。结果 分离的ORF全长1101bp，编码367个氨基酸，与人鼠氨基酸序列92%同源；利用生物信息学软件分析出此蛋白的理化特性并预测了其一级、二级和高级结构。结论 研究分离的基因片段可命名为猪ERK6，通过分析，获取了该酶的基本信息特征，并与现有的报道结果进行对比分析，为进一步开展猪MAPK12基因的结构功能、表达调控的相关研究奠定了基础。     

番茄果实特异性启动子2A11的基因克隆及功能研究

采用巢式PCR技术从番茄基因组DNA克隆到长度1.3kp的果实特异性2A11启动子基因。序列分析表明,克隆到的基因序列2A11启动子转录起始位点上游的621bp处缺失了已报道的番茄2A11启动子基因（GenBank ID M87659,1993）序列中的“tatattgttaacttcttgttgaattaaagcaat”片段,其同源性为61%,登入GenBank,ID号为DQ453963;构建植物表达载体pCAMBIA2A11,用农杆菌介导侵染番茄果实,GUS基因瞬间表达结果表明,该2A11启动子基因具有驱动GUS基因在番茄果实中特异性表达的功能。研究结果表明成功地获得2A11果实特异性启动子基因,为下一步转基因番茄口服疫苗的研制奠定了一定的基础。     

植物多酚氧化酶研究综述

多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol Oxidase 简称PPO)是一类广泛分布于植物体中的一种铜结合酶。它是由核基因编码、多基因控制,在细胞质中合成,通过一定的方式转运至质体内而成为具酶活性的形式,对农产品品质形成有重要影响。介绍了多酚氧化酶在植物体内的存在和定位、分子结构、生理功能及调控措施等方面近年来的研究成果。     

Effect of Environmental Stress and Ethylene on the Expression of LeACO1 Gene

The specific ACC oxidase 1 gene fragment of tomato was cloned and prepared for a probe which was used to hybridize with total RNAs that were extracted from the materials treated with ethylene and different environmental stresses, such as drought, water recovery, flood, wound and temperature, respectively. Northern blot analysis indicated that the expression of LeACO1 was restrained by drought, while strongly induced by water recovery and exogenous ethylene. After treated by flood stress, the expression level of I_eACO1 in leaves had no distinctively changes, while its expression level in stems was rapidly increased. Moreover, the expression of LeACO1 in tomato stems could be induced at the temperature of 37 degree. In addition, wounding had no influence on the expression of LeACO1.     

抑制荸荠中多酚氧化酶活性的研究

通过单因素及多因素试验,探讨抑制荸荠中多酚氧化酶活性的效果。L_9(3~3)正交试验结果表明:柠檬酸预煮液的质量分数0.5%,预煮温度100℃,预煮时间5 min为最优预煮条件。     

高粱bmr-6和bmr-12基因对产量和品质性状的效应比较

比较了在Atlas、Early Hegari-Sart、Kansas Collier、Rox Orange和Wheatland 5种高粱遗传背景下,bmr-6和bmr-12基因对产量性状及品质性状的影响。结果表明,bmr-6和bmr-12基因使株高显著降低,同时增加了植株的茎粗;而对分蘖数和叶片数的影响较小。bmr-6和bmr-12对产量性状是负面影响,但在不同的遗传背景下不一致。对于品质性状,bmr-6一般是使中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维降低,而bmr-12则对这两者影响不大。bmr-6和bmr-12都使酸性洗涤木质素和酸不溶灰分降低。综合考虑,bmr-12的育种利用价值比bmr-6大。     

金银花多酚氧化酶特异性与抑制剂动力学研究

对金银花多酚氧化酶底物特异性和不同抑制剂的抑制效应进行了动力学分析,结果表明:金银花多酚氧化酶的最适作用底物为绿原酸,Km值为0.0059 mmol/L。维生素C、4-己基间苯二酚、L-半胱氨酸对多酚氧化酶的抑制均属可逆抑制,其抑制类型分别属于混合性、竞争性、反竞争性,对游离酶的抑制常数KI分别为1.620、4.587、0 mmol/L,对酶-底物络合物的抑制常数KIS分别为1.995、0、3.780 mmol/L;柠檬酸的抑制效应属不可逆抑制。维生素C、4-己基间苯二酚、L-半胱氨酸、柠檬酸对金银花多酚氧化酶半抑制浓度分别为0.062、0.053、0.140、0.048 mmol/L。