入世后我国果业发展的形势及对策

针对我国加入世界贸易组织(WTO)的新形势及加入WTO后我国果业面临的机遇和挑战,分析了中国果树生产与出口在世界果业中的地位,剖析了中国果树业发展中存在的主要矛盾和问题,提出了转变思想观念,调整产品结构及经营模式和开拓国际市场等入世对策,以求中国果业能够更加健康稳定地向前发展。     

基于公共天气预报的三江平原ET0预报模型比较及敏感性分析

为了提出适合我国三江平原的高精度ET0预报方法,基于该区6个气象站点的天气预报数据和实测气象数据,以FAO56-Penman-Monteith(FAO56-PM)公式计算值为基准,比较Hargreaves-Samani(HS)、Thornthwaite(TH)和Blaney-Criddle(BC)3个ET₀预报模型的效果,对最优模型进行敏感性分析。结果表明:3个模型1~7 d预见期平均绝对误差均值分别为0.66、0.65、0.65 mm/d,均方根误差分别为0.93、0.96、0.95 mm/d,相关系数分别为0.857、0.828、0.840。1~5 d预见期最优预报模型为HS模型,6~7 d为TH模型。总体上预报精度由高到低为HS、TH、BC模型,建议采用HS模型在三江平原开展ET₀预报,HS模型预报对最高温预报的敏感性大于最低温。其预报值在夏季受温度预报误差影响最大,冬季最小,4季整体误差较小。研究可为灌溉预报提供较准确的数据基础。     

牛卵巢的保存与卵巢内卵母细胞采集的研究

利用屠宰牛的卵巢,研究了卵巢内(Interior Ovary,IO)卵母细胞的回收方法与影响IO卵母细胞回收数量的因素,以及卵巢保存方法对卵母细胞体外受精后卵裂率与体外发育能力的影响.结果表明抽吸采取表面卵泡卵母细胞以后,用间隔1.6 mm的4个刀片平行排列构成的切割刀,纵横切割秦川牛卵泡期卵巢,其卵母细胞回收数量最高.两次回收平均每个卵巢可获得26.45个A、B级可用卵,较单纯抽吸采卵(5.15个)提高了约4倍.刀距增宽或缩小都会降低卵母细胞的回收数量.牛品种不同对IO卵母细胞的回收数量有显著影响,以中国荷斯坦牛最多(34.25个/卵巢),秦川牛次之(21.75个/卵巢),山丹牛最少(8.25个/卵巢).牛繁殖状态不同对IO卵母细胞的回收数量有显著影响,以卵泡期最多(21.75个/卵巢),黄体期和妊娠期次之(分别为11.75、10.75个/卵巢),老龄退化期最少(4.25个/卵巢).回收的IO卵母细胞直径和透明带外径分别达(126.9±9.98) μm和(151.85±10.39) μm,均较表面卵母细胞(分别为136.05±6.09 μm和160.80 μm±4.23 μm)要小的多(P＜0.01).卵巢保存温度25～29℃与30～37℃对IO卵母细胞体外受精后卵裂率与6～8细胞胚发育率无显著影响(P＞0.05),但保存时间则有显著影响,超过6 h会显著降低卵裂率和6～8细胞胚发育率(P＜0.05).     

应用热扩散技术对柠条锦鸡儿主根液流速率的研究

运用热扩散技术对柠条锦鸡儿根部液流速率(Fs)进行连续测定,同步进行环境要素的实时监测。选择2008年4—10月30天典型晴天日观测数据。结果表明:1)Fs在晴天日表现出典型的宽峰型正态分布,可划分为4个特征差异明显的阶段,反映了大气环境因子对液流的直接驱动效应,以及柠条锦鸡儿叶片气孔行为对液流变化的调控作用。2)液流的变化受多个环境因子共同驱动,其中潜在蒸发散(ET0)综合性强、与Fs相关紧密,是分析液流特征更为可靠的复合型环境变量。Fs与主要环境因子间的耦合关系因时段而异,在早晨启动的液流上升阶段,Fs与太阳辐射、ET0间均呈线性关系,反映了太阳辐射等因子对液流的驱动与对光合作用的激活效应,而在峰值后的下降阶段基本呈Sigmoidal-Hill函数关系;Fs随大气水分亏缺(VPD)的变化与随太阳辐射、ET0的变化趋势相反,表明VPD在达到一定值后启动气孔调节行为以及抑制过度蒸腾耗水的效应。3)柠条锦鸡儿根部Fs与主要环境要素间的变化近似同步,试验期间没有出现典型的时滞现象。4)在整个生长季的大部分时间内观测到柠条锦鸡儿根部夜间持续存在着液流现象,夜间液流量平均占全天液流量的3.83%。试验结果可例证热扩散技术在根部测定液流并用来计算灌木树种单株耗水方法的科学性与优越性。     

Disulphide structure of high-molecular-weight (HMW-) gliadins as affected by terminators

This study aimed at elucidating SS-bonds of HMW-gliadins (HGL) from wheat with the focus on terminators of glutenin polymerisation. HGL from wheat flour extracts non-treated or treated with the S-alkylation reagent N-ethylmaleinimide (NEMI) were compared. HGL from wheat flour Akteur were isolated, hydrolysed with thermolysin and the resulting peptides pre-separated by gel permeation chromatography and analysed by liquid chromatography/mass-spectrometry using alternating electron transfer dissociation/collision-induced dissociation. Altogether, 22 and 28 SS-peptides from samples without and with NEMI treatment, respectively, were identified. Twenty-six peptides included standard SS-bonds of α- and γ-gliadins, high-molecular-weight and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits. Eleven SS-bonds were identified for the first time. Fifteen peptides unique to HGL contained cysteine residues from gliadins with an odd number of cysteines (ω5-, α- and γ-gliadins). Thus, gliadins with an odd number of cysteines, glutathione and cysteine had acted as terminators of glutenin polymerisation. Decisive differences between samples without and with NEMI treatment were not obvious showing that the termination of polymerisation was already completed in the flour. The two HGL samples, however, were different in the majority of ten peptides that included disulphide-linked low-molecular-weight (LMW) thiols such as glutathione and cysteine with the former being enriched in the non-treated HGL-sample.     

中国粮食主产区主要气象因子时空演变特征及其对参考作物蒸散量影响

准确评估粮食主产区气象因子变化特征及对参考作物蒸散量(reference crop evapotranspiration,ET0)的影响,对农田水文循环、区域农业水资源优化配置与高效利用等具有重要意义。利用中国粮食主产区258个气象站点1961―2013年的逐日气象资料,采用Penman-Monteith公式计算ET0,通过M-K趋势检验法、偏相关分析、多元线性回归计算贡献率等方法,分析了1961—2013年中国粮食主产区主要气象因子时空演变及其对ET0变化的贡献特征。结果表明,1961—2013年中国粮食主产区相对湿度、温度、降水在空间上由南至北呈降低趋势,而日照时间和风速则由南至北呈增高趋势;1961—2013年中国粮食主产区全区、温带湿润半湿润地区(I区)、温带干旱半干旱地区(II区)、亚热带湿润地区(III区)及暖温带半湿润地区(IV区)多年平均气温均呈增大趋势,平均风速、相对湿度、降水与日照时间均呈减小趋势;1961—2013年中国粮食主产区年内ET0均呈锯齿状下降,且ET0在四季呈现出夏季春季秋季冬季的特征;多年平均风速、气温、日照时间与ET0在全区及各分区总体均显著正相关(P0.05),而相对湿度与ET0在全区及各分区均极显著负相关(P0.01);1961—2013年中国粮食主产区全区及I~IV区气温、风速、相对湿度对ET0变化均具有较大贡献,其中相对湿度为I区、III区及IV区的主要气象驱动因子,其次为平均气温和风速;而II区ET0变化的主要驱动因子为风速,其平均贡献率WII(风速)为0.37;综上所述,中国粮食主产区主要气象因子变化特征与ET0的响应,均呈现出区域性、季节性差异。     

纳米Fe^0／Fe_3O_4复合体系对溶液中PCB77的降解研究

研究了纳米Fe^0与纳米Fe_3O_4。单一与复合体系对溶液中PCB77的降解动力学,以及影响降解效率的不同因素。结果表明,投加纳米Fe^0对PCB77有显著的降解效果,反应240min后PCB77残留率为8．94％;投加纳米Feo同时配以不同比例的纳米Fe_3O_4。能明显影响PCB77的降解速率,纳米Fe^0／Fe_3O_4投加比例为1：0．1、1：0．2和1：1时,PCB77的残留率分别为6．46％、10．23％和38．20％。溶液pH对纳米FFe^0／Fe_3O_4复合体系降解PCB77具有较大的影响,当溶液pH为6．8时,纳米Fe^0／Fe_3O_4复合体系降解PCB77的效果最好。纳米Fe^0／Fe_3O_4复合体系对PCB77的降解是一个还原脱氯的过程,随着PCB77残留率的减小,氯离子浓度不断增大,同时反应体系中氧化还原电位不断降低。研究结果将为环境中残留PCBs提供一种高效去除方法,并为PCBs污染水体和土壤的修复提供理论依据。     

Comparative Analysis of Genomes in Oryza sativa, O.officinalis, and O. meyeriana with C0t-1 DNA and Genomic DNA of Cultivated Rice

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) were applied to somatic chromosomes preparations of Oryza sativa, O. officinalis, and O. meyeriana with labeled probes of C0t-1 DNA and genomic DNA from the cultivated rice. The coverage percentage (%) and size (Mb) of C0t-1 DNA in O. sativa, O. officinalis, and O. meyeriana were 47.1 ±0.16, 38.61 ±0.13, 44.38±0.13, and 212.33± 1.21,269.42 ± 0.89, 532.56± 1.68 Mb, respectively. The coverage percentage and size of genomic DNA from O. sativa in O. officinalis and O. meyeriana were 91.0, 93.6% and 634, 1 123 Mb, respectively, in which 365 and 591 Mb in O. officinalis and O. meyeriana were from O. sativa genomic DNA, but not from repetitive sequences of O. sativa, and the uncoverage genome size in O. officinalis and O. meyeriana were 64 and 78 Mb, respectively. In addition, karyotype analysis was conducted based on the signal bands of C0t-1 DNA in O. sativa, O. officinalis, and O. meyeriana. The results showed that highly and moderately repetitive sequences in Oryza genus were conserved as the functional genes during evolution. The repetitive sequences reduplication may be one of the important causes of the genome enlargement of O. officinalis and O. meyeriana, and O. officinalis genome enlarged more slowly when compared with O. meyeriana. Based on the above results, it is concluded that O. officinalis and O. meyeriana were formed by reduplication, rearrangement, and gene selective loss during the evolution process.     

基于支持向量机优化粒子群算法的作物生育期ET_0预测

ET0是计算作物需水量、进行农田灌溉管理及区域水资源优化配置的重要依据。为了提高ET0的预测精度,将粒子群(particle swarm optimization,PSO)算法引入到ET0预测中,并用支持向量回归机(support vector machine,SVM)优化参数。PSO-SVM将最高气温、最低气温、相对湿度、平均风速与日照时数输入到SVM中学习,将SVM参数作为PSO中的粒子,把ET0值作为PSO的目标函数,然后通过粒子之间相互协作得到SVM最优参数,对ET0进行预测,并采用PM模型计算值验证。该文以新疆喀什地区为例,通过采用粒子群耦合支持向量机(PSO-SVM)算法训练得到模型,并用10组数据进行预测;最后引用BP神经网络算法和PSO-SVM算法进行了对比,其结果表明,PSO-SVM算法预测准确率较高,预测值与实测值间相关系数达0.682,平均相对误差为3.19%。     

Analysis of Drought Characteristics and Its Trend Change in Shaanxi Province Based on SPEI and MI

【Objective】 At present, most drought studies were based on historical drought events to analyze the causes and trends. This paper sought to simulate the drought index method when outputting future meteorological data based on CMIP5 model, and explored the characteristics of past and future drought changes in Shaanxi Province, which could provide a basis for the future management of agricultural water resources in Shaanxi Province. 【Method】Based on the historical data of 18 meteorological stations in Shaanxi Province and CMIP5 model, the future meteorological data were output. The reference crop evapotranspiration (ET₀) was simulated by comparing three kinds of models. The standard precipitation evaporation index (SPEI) and relative moisture index (MI) were calculated based on the reference crop ET₀ and precipitation data to reflect the drought degree. The spatial and temporal characteristics of drought in the past (1958-2017) and in the future (2018-2100) were compared.【Result】Multiple linear regression (MLR) simulation could accurately predict the reference crop ET₀ (RMSE=0.457 mm·d ^-1). In the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios, the future drought index showed an upward trend. Under the RCP8.5 scenario, there was a sudden change in the drought index in the 1940s. The degree of drought would decrease in the future of Shaanxi Province, and the distribution of drought would be more uneven during the year. In the future, the degree of drought would decrease during summer maize growth season, and the degree of drought would increase during winter wheat growth season.【Conclusion】The characteristics and extent of drought change were different under different RCP scenarios. The changes in drought characteristics reflected by SPEI and MI were basically the same, but there were differences in the changes in some time periods. In order to effectively cope with the negative impact of climate change on dry crop yields, it was necessary to enhance soil water storage and conservation capacity, especially to strengthen drought resistance during the winter wheat growing season.