土壤中硒含量、形态及有效性分析

近年来,硒（Se）对于植物以及人体的有效性逐渐得到重视,越来越多的富硒土壤被发现和利用,但目前人们对于土壤中硒的含量、形态、转化及其有效性还没有形成系统、全面和准确的认识。本文通过对国内外硒研究文献的整理和分析,认为当前对土壤中硒总量有较全面的数据,但对于硒的植物有效性与其他影响因素之间的关系认识不一,主要原因在于研究前提（土壤类型、气候等）的差异以及不同因素之间的掩盖。今后应在相对控制某一变量的前提下,采用定量模型技术,分析土壤硒有效性的真实影响因素和定量规律。在区域大气-土壤-水-植物系统的硒平衡方面,针对大气沉降、硒甲基化（挥发）、硒的淋失等途径的定量规律和影响因素,应开展大尺度范围的监测和分析。利用硒同位素技术（自然丰度和加富标记）,更加准确地追踪硒在土壤、植物等子系统的转化规律,从而为提高硒的利用效率提供科学依据。     

基于氮素运转原理和GRA-PLS算法的冬小麦籽粒蛋白质含量遥感预测

【目的】及时、有效地预测籽粒蛋白质含量,能够为优质小麦品种的收购和加工提供科学合理的决策支持信息。本研究从籽粒蛋白质形成的氮素运转规律出发,研究冬小麦籽粒蛋白质遥感预测的可行性及在区域与年际间的扩展性,为高分辨率遥感卫星进行大面积蛋白质预测提供理论依据。【方法】利用2012-2013年4个冬小麦品种×4个氮肥梯度的试验数据和地面高光谱数据进行建模;基于小麦籽粒蛋白质形成的氮素运转机理,通过分析籽粒氮素累积量的两个主要来源及其之间的比例关系,重点抓住开花前的植株氮素累积量再运转这一主要来源,而灌浆期根际的氮素直接吸收则通过其与前者的比例关系来确定,通过相关农学参数模型的耦合,同时加入温度影响因子对籽粒氮素运转的影响,初步阐明了利用开花期小麦叶片氮含量可以预测籽粒蛋白质含量的应用机理;然后选择与叶片氮含量相关的植被指数,利用灰色关联分析-偏最小二乘算法（GRA-PLS）选择与叶片氮含量关联度较高的植被指数并进行小麦叶片氮含量的估算,通过与氮素运转模型的耦合构建了基于氮素运转原理的籽粒蛋白质含量遥感预测模型;最后利用2009-2010年的品种×播期×肥料试验和2012-2013年的其他品种氮肥处理试验进行验证。【结果】（1）通过GRA方法对叶片氮含量和植被指数间的关联度进行计算,选择关联度较大的前5个植被指数进行叶片氮含量建模,其植被指数分别为mND705、NDVIcanste、Readone、DCNI和NDCI;（2）通过PLS方法构建的叶片氮含量模型,建模结果的预测值与实测值的决定系数（R2）和均方根误差（RMSE）分别为0.859和0.257%,验证结果的R2和RMSE分别为0.726和0.063%,利用GRA-PLS方法估算叶片氮素含量具有较好的稳定性;（3）构建的蛋白质预测模型,建模结果和验证结果的预测值与实测值的R2和RMSE分别为0.713、1.30%和0.609、1.19%,预测模型具有较高的精度与可靠性。【结论】基于氮素运转规律构建的小麦籽粒蛋白质含量遥感预测模型,可以作为应用开花期遥感信息来预测籽粒蛋白质含量的机理性解释,初步实现了本研究区域和年际间的籽粒蛋白质含量预测,具有一定的应用前景。     

外源物质对远志根中皂苷含量的影响

【目的】研究外源物质对远志根中皂苷含量的影响,为栽培远志药用成分含量的提高提供科学依据。【方法】对大田种植的远志,于展叶期分别用萘乙酸（25、50、100 mg/L）、赤霉素（50、150、300 mg/L）、细胞分裂素（100、200、300mg/L）、脱落酸（5、10、15 mg/L）、茉莉酸甲酯（200、300、400μmol/L）和水杨酸（50、100、200 mg/L）进行叶面喷施,比较不同浓度的外源激素和诱导子对远志根中皂苷含量的影响。【结果】4种外源激素萘乙酸、赤霉素、细胞分裂素和脱落酸低、中、高浓度处理后远志根中皂苷含量分别比对照提高了4.07、3.98、3.91倍,22.33、14.21、13.72倍,7.8、6.2、5.4倍和2.1、2.3、2.6倍;两种诱导子茉莉酸甲酯和水杨酸低、中、高浓度处理后远志根中皂苷含量分别比对照提高了6.6、14.2、7.6倍和1.65、2.95、3.49倍,6种外源物质对皂苷积累的作用效果大小排序为：赤霉素〉茉莉酸甲酯〉细胞分裂素〉萘乙酸〉水杨酸〉脱落酸。【结论】通过叶面喷施外源物质可以显著提高远志根中皂苷含量,其中以50 mg/L赤霉素效果最佳,可在生产实践中推广应用。     

鲜切生菜供应链温度波动与微生物含量变化

选取北京某优质农产品种植公司的6月中旬、12月下旬2条具有代表性的鲜切生菜供应链为研究对象,对整个链条温度波动规律分别进行为期7d的实地考察测量;并根据调研的温度曲线,在实验室条件下模拟供应链温度,测定鲜切生菜的微生物含量变化.研究结果显示,2条供应链温度都呈现出较大波动性：6月中旬实际供应链温度波动范围为在1.2～24.1℃,12月下旬为-6.1～16.2℃;运输过程温度波动较小,装车卸货等环节温度波动较明显.实验室模拟条件下得到的鲜切生菜微生物含量变化规律与供应链温度波动曲线存在正相关性,相关系数6月中旬0.849 77,12月下旬为0.847 99.     

池塘网箱清洁养殖对水环境的影响

通过对池塘网箱清洁养殖淡水鱼的水环境进行研究,分析了流水网箱养殖模式对水质、藻类和粪便残留的影响,结果表明,流水浮式网箱养殖模式能够有效地降低淡水鱼养殖水环境中氮、磷以及固形物的含量,同时可以有效地降低粪便的残积速度,进而加速了水环境的净化.说明流水浮式网箱养殖模式是一种先进的现代淡水鱼类养殖模式,并为流水网箱养殖模式的进一步研究和推广提供了参考.     

钙对人参某些生物学性状和生理指标的影响

为明确必需元素钙对人参生长的影响,利用水培试验在霍格兰氏营养液基础上,设置3个钙浓度梯度作为处理:分别为0.25(低钙组),4(正常组),16(高钙组)mmol/L,研究钙胁迫下人参生物学特征及其体内生理响应机制。试验结果表明:与正常组相比,低钙处理人参叶片深绿、面积小且皱缩,茎弯曲,根系弱小、侧根少且呈红褐色,高钙组人参叶片黄绿,侧根发达;高钙阻碍了人参叶片叶绿素的合成,提高了叶片光合捕光能力,叶绿素含量为2.692 mg/g,叶绿素a与叶绿素b比值为2.602;低钙破坏了细胞膜透性,增大了人参茎电解质渗透率,其电解质渗透率是正常组的2.1倍,为35.64%;人参根系活力的比较,正常组高钙组低钙组(P0.05)分别为53.94,49.32,42.74μg/(g·h);人参各器官的钙积累随着钙浓度的增加而相应增大,其中人参叶片增加的幅度最大,其钙含量为1.751 mg/g。     

桂中、桂北油茶主要产区成林林地土壤及叶片养分含量调查

对桂中、桂北油茶主要产区10个油茶成林林地土壤和叶片养分含量进行分析,结果表明:10个取样点的土壤属于强酸或极酸性土壤,8个取样点土壤的有机质含量及4个取样点土壤的碱解氮含量处于缺乏状态,全部取样点土壤的速效磷含量以及6个取样点土壤速效钾含量处于极缺乏水平;叶片全氮和全钾含量与土壤中p H值、有机质和碱解氮和速效钾的相关性不明显,但叶片中全磷含量与土壤中速效磷含量极显著相关,叶片全磷含量能较好的反映土壤中速效磷含量。     

云南农田土壤常量及微量元素含量的测定研究(英文)

为了对云南农田土壤常量与微量元素进行科学有效地管理,并为农作物合理施肥提供依据,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICPMS)法测定云南14个地方农田土壤常量及微量元素(P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn)的含量,并对土壤中常量及微量元素含量的状况与分布进行了研究。结果表明:云南农田土壤中速效P、K元素处于平衡,速效Ca、Mg亏缺,速效Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn等微量元素盈余。在不同地貌下,土壤常量及微量元素分布有明显的差异,滇中红色高原土壤的速效态微量元素(Fe、Zn、Mn)的含量明显高于滇东喀斯特高原和滇西横断山脉;速效P、K、Ca的含量从西至东有逐渐下降的趋势;而速效Cu的含量则从西到东有逐渐上升的趋势。研究结果对于农田土壤元素测定及农业生产具有一定的参考价值。     

Relationship Between Leaf C/N Ratio and Insecticidal Protein Expression in Bt Cotton as Affected by High Temperature and N Rate

Expression of insecticidal protein for transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） cotton is unstable and related to nitrogen metabolism. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between leaf carbon nitrogen ratio （C/N） and insecticidal efficacy of two Bt cotton cultivars. C/N ratio and Bt protein content were both measured at peak square period and peak boll period respectively under 5-7 d high temperature and different nitrogen fertilizer rates on the Yangzhou University Farm and the Ludong Cotton Farm, China. All plants were grown in field. The results showed that the C/N ratio enhanced slightly and the Bt protein content remained stable at peak square period, but significant increases for the C/N ratio and decreases markedly for the leaf Bt protein concentration were detected at the peak boll period. The similar patterns at the two growth periods were found for the leaf C/N ratio and Bt protein content by different N fertilizer treatments. When nitrogen rate was from 0 to 600 kg ha-l, the C/N ratio was reduced by 0.017 and 0.006 for Sikang 1 and Sikang 3 at peak square period, compared to the 1.350 to 1.143 reduction for Sikang 1 and Sikang 3 at peak boll period, respectively. Correspondingly, the leaf Bt protein contents were bolstered by 2.6-11.8 and 26.9-36.9% at the two different growth periods, respectively. The results suggested that enhanced C/N ratio by high temperature and nitrogen application may result in the reduction of inseetiocidal efficacy in Bt cotton, especially in peak boll period.     

Soil Organic Carbon,Black Carbon,and Enzyme Activity Under Long- Term Fertilization

The present study aims to understand the effects of long-term fertilization on soil organic carbon （SOC）, black carbon （BC）, enzyme activity, and the relationships among these parameters. Paddy field was continuously fertilized over 30 yr with nine different fertilizer treatments including N, P, K, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK （two-fold NPK）, NPK＋manure （NPKM）, and CK （no fertilization）, N, 90 kg urea-N ha^-1 yr^-1; P, 45 kg triple superphosphate-P205 ha^-1 yr^-1; K, 75 kg potassium chloride-K20 ha^-1 yr^-1; and pig manure, 22 500 kg ha^-1 yr^-1. Soil samples were collected and determined for SOC, BC content, and enzyme activity. The results showed that the SOC in the NPKM treatment was significantly higher than those in the K, P, and CK treatments. The lowest SOC content was found in the CK treatment. SOC content was similar in the N, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK, and NPKM treatments. There was no significant difference in BC content among different treatments. The BC-to-SOC ratios （BC/SOC） ranged from 0.50 to 0.63, suggesting that BC might originate from the same source. Regarding enzyme activity, NPK treatment had higher urease activity than NPKM treatment. The urease activity of NPKM treatment was significantly higher than that of 2NPK, NP, N, P, K, CK, and NPKM treatment which produced higher activities of acid phosphatase, catalase, and invertase than all other treatments. Our results indicated that long-term fertilization did not significantly affect BC content. Concurrent application of manure and mineral fertilizers increased SOC content and significantly enhanced soil enzyme activities. Correlation analysis showed that catalase activity was significantly associated with invertase activity, but SOC, BC, and enzyme activity levels were not significantly correlated with one another. No significant correlations were observed between BC and soil enzymes. It is unknown whether soil enzymes play a role in the decomposition of BC.