稻-萍-鱼模拟共生体~(35)S-甲胺磷的残留及其动态

研究了35_(S-)甲胺磷农药在稻-萍-鱼模拟共生体系中的残留及其消失动态,结果表明:每亩每次喷洒50g50％甲胺磷乳油(1000倍稀释液),早稻2次,晚稻3次。最后1次喷药时间分别在早稻收割前35天,晚稻收割前30天。甲胺磷在早、晚稻糙米中的残留量都在0.05ppm以下;在尼罗罗非鱼体内检出0.5ppm左右的甲胺磷;晚稻收获时,在水、土和萍中都未检测到甲胺磷。低于FAO/WHO推荐值:大米中的最大残留限量(MRL)0.078ppm,鱼体中的MRL2.3ppm。 ~(35)S-甲胺磷在模拟共生体系中按指数回归消失,它在萍、水、鱼和稻草上的半衰期分别为1.25、2.8、6.2和2.2天。     

艾美尔球虫对高原鼠兔个性与生理特征的影响

对30只高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)分别灌喂艾美尔球虫(Eimeria)卵囊(2 × 106个·mL?1)、驱虫剂以及生理盐水(对照),测定艾美尔球虫对高原鼠兔食物摄入量、体重、粪便皮质醇浓度、静止代谢率以及探索性的影响。结果发现：1)试验第5天时,艾美尔球虫卵囊数达到最大值,且灌喂艾美尔球虫组的艾美尔球虫卵囊数显著高于驱虫组和对照组 (P < 0.05);2)试验第18天时,灌喂艾美尔球虫组与对照组高原鼠兔的食物摄入量无显著差异(P > 0.05),但均显著低于驱虫组(P < 0.05);3)第8天时,灌喂艾美尔球虫组和驱虫组高原鼠兔粪便皮质醇浓度显著高于对照组(P < 0.05);第18天时,灌喂艾美尔球虫组和对照组高原鼠兔粪便皮质醇浓度、静止代谢率均显著高于驱虫组(P < 0.05);4)第5 天时,灌喂艾美尔球虫组高原鼠兔探索性显著低于对照组和驱虫组(P < 0.05)。高原鼠兔感染艾美尔球虫后,其皮质醇浓度升高、静止代谢率降低、探索性减弱,降低了被捕食风险,增大了艾美尔球虫在高原鼠兔种群内的传播率。本研究结果可为应用艾美尔球虫作为潜在的高原鼠兔生物防治制剂以及控制高原鼠兔种群数量提供了新的依据。     

不会发胖的主食制作秘方

人们日常的主食是米饭、馒头及各种花样的米、面等食物，其中含有丰富的营养成分，如淀粉、蛋白质、维生素等，是人体热能的主要来源。因此，在节食减肥中，很多人都以减少主食的摄入量来控制和减轻体重。然而，在制作主食时，如果采取下述制作方法，就可使日常所食用的主食变成减肥食品。     

鱼类维生素缺乏症及其摄入量的影响因素

维生素不同于氨基酸、糖类,其需要量甚微,而且鱼虾自身基本不能合成,主要从饲料中摄入。维生素是维持鱼体生长发育、促进机体代谢不可缺少的微量元素,鱼类因维生素的缺乏而产生的症状,因鱼的种类不同而有所不同。维生素分为水溶性和脂溶性两种,水溶性维生素主要包括氨基苯甲酸,     

Effects of different sources of carbohydrates on intake,digestibility, chewing,and performance of Holstein dairy cows

To investigate the effects of different sources of carbohydrates on intake, digestibility, chewing, and performance, nine lactating Holstein dairy cows （day in milk= 100±21 d; body weight=645.7 ± 26.5 kg） were allotted to a 3 × 3 Latin square design at three 23-d periods. The three treatments included 34.91% （B）, 18.87% （BC）, and 18.86% （BB） barley that in treatment B was partially replaced with only corn or corn plus beet pulp in treatments BC and BB, respectively. The concentration of starch and neutral detergent soluble carbohydrate varied （22.2, 20.2, and 14.5; 13.6, 15.9, and 20.1% of DM in treatments B, BC, and BB, respectively）. Cows in treatment BB showed a higher DMI and improved digestibility of DM, NDF, and EE compared with treatments B or BC Ruminal pH was higher in cows fed on BB （6.83） compared with those that received B or BC treatments （6.62 and 6.73, respectively）. A lower proportion of propionate accompanied the higher pH in the BB group; however, a greater proportion of acetate and acetate： propionate ratio was observed compared with cows fed either on the B or BC diet. Moreover, cows fed on the BB diet showed the lowest ruminal passage rate and longest ruminal and total retention time. Eating time did not differ among treatments, rumination time was greater among cows fed on the BB diet compared with the others, whereas total chewing activity was greater than those fed on BC, but similar to those fed on B. The treatments showed no effect on milk yield. Partially replacing barley with corn or beet pulp resulted in an increase in milk fat and a lower protein concentration. Changing dietary NFC with that of a different degradability thus altered intake, chewing activity, ruminal environment, retention time or passage rate, and lactation performance. The results of this study showed that beet pulp with a higher NDF and a detergent-soluble carbohydrate or pectin established a more consistent ruminal mat than barley and corn, thus resulting in higher mean retention t     

Effects of Supplemental Carbohydrate Sources on Lactation Performance, Nitrogen Balance, and Ruminal Fermentation in Dairy Cows Fed Energy-Deficient Total Mixed Rations

The effects of supplemental carbohydrate (CHO) sources on milk yield and composition,nitrogen (N) balance,and ruminal fermentation were evaluated in lactating dairy cows fed energy-deficient total mixed rations (TMR).Fifty-six lactating Holstein cows (36.8 ±3.4 kg/d of milk yield; 152 ±26days in milk [ DIM ] ) were randomly assigned to one of four diets:( 1 ) basal TMR ( control ) ; ( 2 ) basal TMR + 1.25 kg/d sucrose (SUC) ; ( 3 ) basal TMR + 2.12 kg/d steam-flaked corn ( SFC ) ; ( 4 ) basal TMR + 2.23 kg/d wheat (WHE).The trial lasted 70 days,including the first 10 days of adaptation.Simultaneously,a 4 × 4 Latin square trial was conducted with four ruminally cannulated cows of similar DMI (Dry Matter Intake) fed on the above four diets.Each testing period lasted 18 days:15 days for adaptation and 3 days for sampling.Cows fed SUC-,SFC-,and WHE-supplemented diets produced 1.6,2.9,and 0.8 kg/d,respectively,more milk than those on the basal TMR control diet,but the difference was not significant (P =0.160).However,the production of energy-corrected milk of cows fed CHO-supplemented diets improved significantly (P =0.020),and the yield of 4％ fat-corrected milk tended to be higher (P =0.063 ) than in control animals.Percentages of milk protein,lactose and solidsnot-fat (SNF) increased significantly in cows fed CHO-supplemented diets ( P ＜ 0.05 ),and yields of milk protein and SNF were significantly higher (P＜0.05); yields of milk fat and lactose were somewhat higher ( P ＜ 0.10 ).Cows receiving supplementary CHO diets consumed more DM (Dry Matter) ( P =0.023 ) ; however,there was no significant difference in N retention,digestibility,or utilization efficiency among the treatments (P ＞ 0.10 ).The average ruminal pH was lowest in cows supplemented with SUC,while that in cows supplemented with SFC and WHE was only slightly reduced (P =0.025 ).Ruminal NH3-N concentration was highest with no supplementary CHO ( P =0.017 ),and changes in postfeeding time were similar across the diets.Total volatile fatty acid concentration was significantly lower in control animals than in those on SUC- and WHE-supplemented diets ( P =0.001 ) ; significant dietary responses were observed in the concentrations of acetate,butyrate,and branched-chain fatty acids and in the acetate-to-propionate ratio ( P ＜ 0.001 ).These results indicate that supplementation with different CHO sources in energy-deficient diets substantially improved the balance of energy and N in the rumen,altered ruminal fermentation,and improved lactation performance in dairy cows.     

天门市大米中（Cd）的含量特征及其健康风险分析

对天门市早、中、晚稻米中Cd元素的含量进行采样分析,参照国家《食品中污染物限量》标准评价其污染状况,结合我国居民平均食物消费结构,估算日人均大米Cd摄入量,并应用美国联邦环境保护署（USEPA）推荐的化学致癌物健康风险评价模型评估大米Cd暴露所致的健康风险。结果表明,天门市早、中、晚稻米中Cd的平均含量为0．092±0...     

膳食营养素计算与评价系统的设计与实现

采用Microsoft的Visual Basic和Access开发环境,将各种最新的营养信息数据组织起来,编制成相应的应用程序,实现用计算机对膳食营养素进行计算和评价,为膳食调查、营养监测及咨询、膳食结构的自我调整等提供有力而科学的技术支持.     

JMPR 农药残留急性膳食摄入量计算方法

农药残留急性膳食风险评估直到最近才引起大家的关注。目前,粮农组织和世界卫生组织农药残留联席会议(JMPR)研究国际范围农药急性膳食风险评估;美国、英国、荷兰、澳大利亚和新西兰也开始进行国家农药急性膳食风险评估。农药急性膳食风险是急性或短期接触毒性与农药急性膳食摄入量的函数。急性膳食接触量评估常用的方法有:定点或确定性方法和概率模型法。在确定性方法中选取食物的大部分人群消耗量和高残留量来计算膳食摄入量,为了解决混合样品中食品个体之间的残留差异,在计算中引入了变异因子。JMPR根据具体情况分为情形1、情形2a、情形2b、情形3来计算农药急性膳食摄入量。中国应该尽快建立健全膳食结构和农产品性状数据库,建立健全市场中农产品的农药残留数据库,并在高毒和中等毒性农药登记前应采用JMPR的确定性方法,进行急性膳食风险评估,提高农药膳食摄入的安全性。     

科学理解农药最大残留限量的概念

农药在作物及食品生产中的有益作用已为世界所公认,但是食品中残留微量农药是否对人体健康有危害仍是目前人们关注的焦点。允许的农药残留不应该对人体健康产生影响,因为任何农药在可以使用前必须经过一个包括科学的风险评估在内的农药登记管理程序的评审。最大残留限量(MRLs)是指在优良农业措施(GAP)下使用某农药可能产生的在食物中的最高残留浓度(单位为mg/kg,指每千克商品中残留农药的毫克数),其数值必须是毒理学上可以接受的。MRLs的主要作用是来检验食品生产过程是否严格执行GAP,以及帮助经农药处理的农产品在国际贸易中正常进行进出口活动。MRLs不是一个绝对的安全限量,即接触残留超标的食品并不一定肯定意味着对健康有危害。但是MRLs也经常作为食品安全管理的第一道防线,成为保障人类健康最初级的预警机制。MRLs是各国政府和联合国食品法典委员会设定的,这些设定的标准被应用于国际贸易中。