土壤胶体稳定性影响因素

本文按土壤矿物组成，有机质，离子价态，溶液ｐＨ，不同ｐＨ条件下的腐殖质，多价聚合阳离子和水流动速度等诸方面，分别概述离它们对土壤胶体稳定性的作用，以及目前研究中尚存在的一些问题。     

土壤胶体膨胀的初步研究

应用吸水膨胀计,测定了二种粘土矿物(蒙脱土及高岭士)、三种土壤(红壤、灰褐土、黑士)、五种土壤胶体(<1微米)(红壤、灰褐土、黑土及华北平原的二个胶泥)的吸水曲线与膨胀。各类土壤及土壤胶体的吸水曲线形状各不相同,土壤和胶体的吸水量不仅受粘土矿物所限制,土粒的团聚和分散情况都有关系。红壤(土壤或胶体)的吸水性能与高岭土相似:不显膨胀而有收缩,可说明红壤中含有较多的高岭土。淋溶黑土及其胶体在吸水时的膨胀,颇为显著而无收缩。吸水10天后,氢铝质黑土胶体的体积比吸水前大0.75倍,钠质大1.62倍。其膨胀和吸水的性能与蒙脱土相仿,可说明黑土中含有较多的蒙脱土。灰褐土胶体有膨胀也有收缩。吸水10天后,氢铝质灰褐土胶体的体积,比吸水前增大0.28倍,钠质则膨胀1.11倍。因云泰的膨胀和吸水性能尚无充分资料,故未能比较。华北平原胶泥的膨胀性能类似灰褐土,这种胶泥吸水后可呈溶胶状态,其钠质胶泥的膨胀度都比钠质黑土胶体尤大。在吸水6天后,钠质鸡粪土(28448)的体积比吸水前大1.41倍,狗头胶泥(28450)比吸水前大2.11倍。华北平原胶泥的特性可能与灰褐土胶体相类似,或因其细微胶体含量较多而增高其膨胀度。     

Effect of Zn Adsorption on Charge of Variable Charge Soils

The variation in appa rent carge of two typical variable charge soils resulting from Zn adsorption were studied by KCl saturation and NH4NO3 replacement methods.Results showed that zinc were adsorbed specifically to those sites with negative charge.As in different pH ranges,the percantages of specific and electrostatic adsorptions of zine and the mechanisms of specific adsorption were different,the effects of Zn adsorption on apparent charge were varied and could be characterized as:when 1 mmol Zn^2 was adsorbed,a change about 1 mmol in the apparent charge was observed in the low pH range(1),1.4 to 1.5mmol in the moderate pH range(II) and 0.55 to 0.6mmol in the high pH range (III).These experimental data,in terms of soil charge,proved once more author‘s conclusion in the preceding paper(Sun,1993) that in accordance with the behaviors of Zn adsorption by the variable charge soils in relation to pH,three pH ranges with different adsorption mechanisms were delineated;that is,in Range I,specific adsorption was the predominant mechanism,in Ranges II and III,specific and electrostatic adsorptions co-existed,but their specific adsorption mechanisms were not identical.     

可变电荷土壤及矿物的交换性碱

可变电荷土壤及矿物的酸度特征具有明显的两性性质,以往对其酸性研究颇多,而对它同时表现出交换性碱认识甚少。近三、四十年来,随着对阴离子吸附研究的深入,对可变电荷土壤及矿物的交换性碱有了全新的认识。本文从交换性碱的研究方法、释放机理、交换性碱的影响因子及动力学性质等方面进行了较为全面的综述。     

西南红壤,黄壤的电荷特性

通过对云南，贵州，四川的黄壤，红壤的电化学特性研究指出：西南红壤，黄壤的可变净电荷零点ｐＨ，在３－４范围，是较低的。通过施石灰等措施提高土壤的ＰＨ而使土壤总负电荷量增加，这对淋溶作用强烈的西南红壤和黄壤的养分吸持，从而提高其保肥能力具有极为重要的实践意义，又从永久和可变电荷分别发生量的研究得知：永久电荷只占总荷量的５％－４０％，可变电荷占总电荷量的６０％－９５％的由此说明西南红黄壤具有极其明显的可     

Adsorption Kinetics of Pb2+ and Cu2+ on Variable Charge Soils and Minerals: Ⅱ. Equations for Describing Experimental Data

Different mathematical methods,including linearization,differential,integration and nonlinear least squares approximation (Newton-Marquardt method),were used to fit different kinetic equations,such as zero-order,first-order (i.e.membrane diffusion),second-order,parabolic-diffusion,Elovich,two-constant equations,to the experimental data of Pb^2 and Cu^2 adsorption on variable charge soils and kaolinite.Assuming each M^2 occupied two adsorption sites,two more equations,the so-caled surface second-order equation and third-order equation were derived and compared with the above equations according to the fitting results,which showed that the second-order equation and surface second-order equation,being one equation in different expressions under some conditions,were better than the other equations in describing the Pb^2 and Cu^2 adsorption kinetics,and the latter was the best.     

CrO42-对两种可变电荷土壤表面电荷的影响

对两种可变电荷土壤的研究结果表明,加入铬酸根(CrO42-)能增加土壤的表面负电荷,减小土壤的表面正电荷的量。CrO42-对表面正电荷的影响程度随体系pH的增加而减小,对负电荷的影响呈相反的趋势。CrO42-对表面电荷的影响程度也随其加入量的增加而增加。CrO42-主要通过自身的吸附来影响土壤的表面电荷,因为伴随着土壤表面电荷的变化,CrO42-在土壤中发生明显的吸附。而且土壤对CrO42-的吸附量随其加入量的增加而增加,随pH的升高而减小,与土壤电荷的变化趋势基本一致。     

邻苯二甲酸和水杨酸在可变电荷土壤中的吸附行为

研究了2种低分子量有机酸邻苯二甲酸和水杨酸在2种代表性可变电荷土壤红壤和砖红壤中的吸附行为。结果表明,可变电荷土壤对有机酸的吸附容量较大,对邻苯二甲酸的吸附亲和力大于对水杨酸的亲和力,在砖红壤中2种有机酸的吸附量大于在红壤中的,这与土壤的游离铁、铝氧化物的含量一致。土壤氧化铁在有机酸吸附中起着重要作用,粘土矿物如高岭石对有机酸的吸附量很小。有机酸的吸附涉及专性吸附和静电吸附2种机制,并以前者为主。当pH小于4.5时,pH的改变对有机酸的吸附影响不大;当pH大于4.5时,有机酸的吸附量随pH的增加而减小。     

可变电荷土壤对酸雨敏感度的影响因子

The sensitivity of a large number of variable charge soils to acid rain was evaluated through examining pH-H₂SO₄ input curves. Two derivative parameters, the consumption of hydrogen ions by the soil and the acidtolerant limit as defined as the quantity of sulfuric acid required to bring the soil to pH 3.5 in a 0.001mol L^-1 Ca(NO₃)₂ solution, were used. The sensitivity of variable charge soils was higher than that of constant charge soils, due to the predominance of kaolinite in clay mineralogical composition. Among these soils the sensitivity was generally of the order lateritic red soil > red soil > latosol. For a given type of soil within the same region the sensitivity was affected by parent material, due to differences in clay minerals and texture. The sensitivity of surface soil may be lower or higher than that of subsoil, depending on whether organic matter or texture plays the dominant role in determining the buffering capacity. Paddy soils consumed more acid within lower range of acid input when compared with upland soils, due to the presence of more exchangeable bases, but consumed less acid within higher acid input range, caused by the decrease in clay content.     

可变电荷土壤吸附磷酸根后对Cu、Zn、Cd次级吸附的影响

研究了三个可变电荷土壤吸附磷酸根后对Cu、Zn、Cd次级吸附和解吸的影响。结果表明,供试土壤对重金属的次级吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程,次级吸附量的大小顺序是,湖北孝感黄棕壤>湖北咸宁红壤>湖南桃源红壤。土壤吸附磷酸根后,可使重金属的次级吸附量增加,解吸率下降,并有线性关系。供试土壤吸附磷酸根后,表面负电荷增加,表面负电荷的增量与重金属次级吸附量的增量呈线性关系,这表明土壤吸附磷酸根后,表面负电荷的增加,可能是影响重金属次级吸附的重要原因之一。