土壤污染现状调查与环境保护

本文首先介绍了土壤污染的基本概念,然后分析了目前我国土壤污染的现状及引起土壤污染的主要原因,最后在此基础上提出了有效防治土壤污染的措施.     

EDTA在土壤重金属生态修复中应用研究进展

近年来,由于矿山开采等众多原因造成我国土壤重金属污染日益严峻,土壤当中积累过多的重金属会对植物、动物乃至整个生态系统产生不利影响,并最终进入食物链对人体造成威胁。因此,如何有效的从土壤中去除重金属,成为目前亟须解决的问题。EDTA可以有效活化土壤中的重金属,促进植物对重金属的积累,因此,被广泛用于强化植物对土壤中重金属的提取修复。文章从EDTA活化土壤中目标重金属机理,以及EDTA诱导下,植物对目标重金属的吸收和转运机理出发,综述了EDTA在重金属污染强化植物提取修复技术的研究进展,同时,对使用EDTA对生态环境造成的负面影响等方面进行了探讨。     

阴离子对加入到土壤中的铅吸附与提取的影响

The effect of accompanying anions on the adsorbability and extractability of Pb added in soils was studied by using bach equilibria and incubation-extraction mothods.Pb concentration ranged between 0.48-2.41 mM in the adsorption experiment,and Pb added to soil from 2.14 to 19.31mM Pb/kg with an incubation time of 2-16 weeks in the incubation-extraction test in which 1M NH4OAc(pH 7) was taken as an extraction agent,and the Pb compounds used are PbCl2,Pb(NO3)2 and Pb(OAc)2.The values of pH50 for Pb retention and the parameters,b and k values,of Langmuir equation were used to distinguish the difference of adsorbability and extractability of Pb affected by anions,respectively.Judging from the results of either pH50 value or b value,the influences of Cl^- and NO3^- on the adsorbability and extractability of Pb in soils were similar but quite different from those of OAc^-.The relative loading capacities of soils to Pb calculated according to the extraction rate showed that the values of Pb(OAc)2 were higher than those of PbCl2 and Pb(NO3)2.     

pH Effect on kinetics of Heavy Metal Sorption in Soils

The pH effect on the sorption kinetics of heavy metals in soils was studied using a constant flow leaching method.The soil samples were red soil collected from Yingtan,Jiangxi,and yellow-brown soil from Nanjing,Jiansu,The heavy metals tested were zinc and cadmium.Assuming that the experimental data diffed to the following kinetic rate equation:1/c.dx/dt=kx∞-kx,the rate constant k of sorption could be determined from the slope of the straight line by plotting of 1/c,dx/dt vs.x.The results showed that the pH effect on the rate constants of heavy mental sorption in soils was very significant.The values of k decreased with increasing pH.The sorptions were more sensitive to pH in red soil than in yellow-brown soil.     

太原污灌区土壤重金属污染研究

本文研究了太原污灌区水质、土壤和作物中Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ三种重金属元素的污染状况。结果表明污灌区水质属轻度污染，土壤中Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ含量超过背景值，Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ高于污染起始值，累积量呈逐年增加的趋势。三元素在污水、土壤、作物中的污染完全一致，即Ｃｄ＞Ｐｂ＞Ｃｒ。土壤和作物中Ｐｂ污染与距公路远近密切相关。三种元素以Ｃｄ最易被作物吸收富集，土壤与作物间的相关系数为Ｃｄ＞Ｐｂ＞Ｃｒ．     

湘潭市郊菜园土及部分蔬菜重金属和氟污染状况的研究

湘潭市菜园土全部受到Cd的污染,蔬莲65％超过食品卫生标准,所有菜园土均有Pb污染,其中轻度污染4个区,中度污染2个区,以0.3ppm为标准,则蔬菜含Pb超标率达100％,如以0.6ppm为摄入限量浓度,蔬菜68％超限、Cu,Zn在土壤中均有积累,但末达到引起蔬菜污染的程度,土壤采用湘江流域背景值加2倍标准差作为污染起始值进行评终,3类菜园士对几种重金属元素的积累总趋势为:煤灰菜园土>红菜园土>潮菜园土,污染物质对土壤重金属积累的影响是:煤灰垃圾>污水灌溉>气污,但F的污染则与上相反、白菜和包菜对Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb的蓄积能力顺序相同,均为Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb,对每种元素而言则白菜的蓄积能力均大于包菜。     

土壤砷污染及其调控技术研究进展

主要报道了土壤砷背景值与砷存在形态、土壤砷污染与作物的关系、砷超累积植物与土壤砷污染的植物修复以及土壤砷污染的农业控制措施。砷对植物的危害不仅受砷浓度和形态的影响，还因作物的种类、积累部位而不一致。研究As超富集植物及其富集机理,利用其进行植物修复,是一个重要的领域。土壤有机质、磷肥、pH等都会影响植物对砷的吸收累积，可作为降低作物砷含量的农业调控措施。种植不富集As的作物，或可食部位As含量低的作物，可以减少As进入食物链。