不同土壤水分条件下硅对坪用高羊茅种子出苗及生物学特性的影响

水肥耦合不仅可以维持草坪草的正常生长,而且可以减少一定的灌溉量。采用盆栽试验研究了不同土壤条件下硅对坪用高羊茅种子出苗及生长的影响。结果表明,不添加硅时,高羊茅种子适宜出苗时的土壤含水量应为饱和含水量的４５％～６０％,植株生长适宜的土壤含水量应为饱和含水量的７５％以上;当土壤含水量大于或等于饱和含水量的６０％时,添加硅不仅能够提前坪用高羊茅种子的初始出苗时间,缩短集中出苗时期,提高出苗率,而且能够显著促进高羊茅的株高和叶长生长,增加地上和地下生物量（P＜０．０５）,而当土壤含水量小于或者等于饱和含水量的４５％时,添加硅对高羊茅种子出苗和生长发育没有明显影响,说明添加硅对坪用高羊茅生长的有益作用受土壤含水量的约束;土壤含水量为饱和含水量的６０％时,添加硅处理中植株的分蘖数、株高、叶长和生物量与对照处理中土壤含水量为饱和含水量的７５％时植株的分蘖数、株高、叶长和生物量差异不显著,说明添加硅能降低高羊茅植株正常生长所需的土壤含水量,有利于节约灌溉量。     

Alleviation of Chromium Toxicity by Silicon Addition in Rice Plants

The alleviatory effect of silicon (Si) on chromium (Cr) toxicity to rice plants was investigated using a hydroponic experiment with two Cr levels (0 and 100 μmol L-1),three Si levels (0,1.25,and 2.5 mmol L-1) and two rice genotypes,differing in grain Cr accumulation (Dan K5,high accumulation and Xiushui 113,low accumulation).The results showed that 100 μmol L-1 Cr treatment caused a marked reduction of seedling height,dry biomass,soluble protein content,and root antioxidant enzyme activity,whereas significantly increased Cr concentration and TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances)content.However,the reductions of seedling height,dry biomass,and soluble content were greatly alleviated due to Si addition to the culture solution.Compared with the plants treated with Cr alone,Si addition markedly reduced Cr uptake and translocation in rice plants.No significant differences were observed between the two Si treatments (1.25 and 2.5 mmol L-1) in shoot Cr concentration and Cr translocation factor.Under the treatment of 100 μmol L-1 Cr+2.5 mmol L-1 Si,higher root Cr concentration but lower shoot Cr concentration and Cr translocation factor were observed in Dan K5 than those in Xiushui 113,indicating that the beneficial effect of Si on inhibiting Cr translocation was more pronounced in Dan K5 than in Xiushui 113.Si addition also alleviated the reduction of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in leaves; catalase (CAT) and APX in roots) and the increase of TBARS content in the Crstressed plants.Furthermore,the beneficial effects of Si on activities of antioxidative enzymes under Cr stress were genotype-dependent.The highest activities of SOD,POD (guaiacol peroxidase),CAT,and APX in leaves occurred in the treatment of 100 μmol L-1 Cr+2.5 mmol L-1 Si for Xiushui 113 and in the treatment of 100 μmol L-1 Cr+1.25 mmol L-1 Si for Dan K5.The beneficial effect of Si on alleviating oxidative stress was much more pronounced in Dan K5 than in Xiushui 113.It may be concluded that Si alleviates Cr toxicity mainly through inhibiting the uptake and translocation of Cr and enhancing the capacity of defense against oxidative stress induced by Cr toxicity.     

多菌灵与氟硅唑对土壤微生物及酶活性的影响

针对混配农药的使用,研究了多菌灵、氟硅唑单施及其混配施用后28 d内对土壤微生物和土壤酶的影响.实验结果表明,在施药28 d内,多菌灵(20 mg/kg)与氟硅唑(2 mg/kg)单施后对土壤微生物量、呼吸强度、土壤脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性均有明显的抑制作用,对土壤过氧化氢酶活性呈激活作用,将多菌灵(20 mg/kg)与氟硅唑(2 mg/kg)按剂量混施后,一定程度上降低了单一处理情况对土壤微生物及其土壤酶的毒理效应.     

硅钙肥使用技术

硅钙肥是由黑龙江省庆安硅源生物有限公司生产的“硅源”牌硅钙肥,含SiO225％、CaO30％,并含有少量的硫、锌、硼、钼、铁、锰等中微量元素。通过试验、示范粮食和蔬菜作物上都具有增产和提质作用。一、使用技术1、选地水田选择五年以上老稻田、旱田选择坡岗地,特别是水土流失的地块,蔬菜选择大棚等效果好。     

SPE-HPLC-MS/MS法测定人参及土壤中氟硅唑的残留及风险评估

【目的】明确人参和土壤中氟硅唑的残留量,并对可能产生的膳食风险进行评估,以确保人参产品的质量安全.【方法】在集安市和抚松县进行2年试验,采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定了400 g·L-1氟硅唑乳油在人参根及土壤中的残留消解及最终残留量,并采用风险商值法对人参中氟硅唑可能产生的膳食风险进行了评估.【结果和结论】施药剂量为90 g·hm-2(以有效成分计)时,氟硅唑在人参根和土壤中的降解半衰期分别为7.85~9.94和5.59~7.13 d.施药剂量为60~90 g·hm-2时,施药后35 d氟硅唑在人参根和土壤中的残留量分别小于0.043 3和0.037 5 mg·kg-1.风险商值为4.59×10-5,风险较低,处于安全水平.建议我国在人参中氟硅唑的最大残留限量值可暂定为0.05 mg·kg-1,安全间隔期为35 d.     

硅肥对超级早稻茎叶形态与抗倒伏特性的影响

以超级早稻组合株两优819（倒伏敏感品种）与陆两优996（抗倒伏品种）为材料,研究了硅肥对超级早稻茎叶形态与抗倒伏特性的影响。结果表明：硅肥能改善超级早稻茎叶形态与抗倒伏能力,主要表现为提高单茎叶面积,减小剑叶夹角,增粗茎秆,缩短基部一、二节间,增强抗倒力等,且在施氮150 kg/hm2条件下施硅效果最好,且陆两优996抗倒性提高更好。     

硅肥对花生生理特性和产量的影响

金龟牌二代硅肥用于花生试验结果表明,施用硅肥后提高了花生叶片的叶绿素含量和光合作用,增加了茎叶及荚果干物质积累量,从而使花生植株生长健壮,叶色深绿,分枝多,果仁充实饱满、空壳少、百果重和百仁重提高,出仁率高,增产显著,增产幅度达20%。     

外源硅对不同pH水田土壤铅吸附热力学特征的影响

通过等温吸附试验,研究外源硅对两种不同pH水田土壤铅吸附热力学特征的影响。试验中采用硝酸中和硅酸钠的碱性,以硝酸钠补齐各处理间钠离子和硝酸根离子的差异,消除了因加入硅酸盐改变体系pH及伴随离子对土壤吸附铅可能产生的影响。结果表明：在本试验中,Freundlich方程能较好地描述3种温度下两种土壤对铅的吸附特征;加硅促进了酸性土壤对铅的吸附,抑制了碱性土壤对铅的吸附;根据热力学函数关系计算的△G〈0、△H〉0、△S〉0,说明两土壤对铅的吸附是吸热、熵增的物理过程为主;加硅后,酸性土壤△G变小、△H变大、△S变大,碱性土壤△G变大、△H变小、△S变小,说明加硅使酸性土壤吸附铅的自发性提高、碱性土壤吸附铅的自发性降低。     

3种新型杀菌剂对人参黑斑病菌的抑制作用及田间防病效果

选用新型杀菌剂25％啶菌恶唑悬浮剂、40％氟硅唑乳油、40％嘧霉胺悬浮剂对人参黑斑病菌进行了抑制作用实验和田间病害防治实验。结果表明,以上3种药剂对人参黑斑病菌具有很强的抑制作用,EI50分别为0．329μg／mL、2．832μg／mL和14．025μg／mL;啶菌恶唑2000倍液的田间防治效果达86．5％,氟硅唑2000倍液次之,防治效果达83．4％,嘧霉胺1500倍液的防治效果达82．1％。