夹竹桃花挥发油的GC-MS分析及β-葡萄糖苷酶对夹竹桃花的增香和豚鼠离体子宫平滑肌的作用

目的:建立夹竹桃花挥发油GC-MS的色谱分离鉴定方法,分析夹竹桃花挥发油的化学成分和对豚鼠离体子宫平滑肌的作用。方法:采用挥发油提取器提取夹竹桃花挥发油,以GC-MS法进行分析鉴定,建立了豚鼠离体子宫模型。结果:分别从无酶和有酶的夹竹桃花挥发油提取物中确证了58和57个化合物,挥发油对豚鼠离体子宫平滑肌有收缩作用。结论:对夹竹桃的挥发油化学成分进行了比较分析结果表明,β-葡萄糖苷酶对夹竹桃花有较弱增香作用,也能增加豚鼠离体子宫平滑肌收缩。     

IL-1β在鱼类皮肤免疫应答中的作用机制

正白细胞介素1(interleukin 1,IL-1)是一种重要的促炎性细胞因子,是体内调节免疫和炎症反应的中心介质,在哺乳动物中已发现11种IL-1家族成员,包括IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-1ra、IL-18、IL-1F5和IL-33等[1],目前在鱼类中只发现了IL-1β和IL-18。研究表明,IL-1β在鱼类皮肤免疫应答中起重要作     

Effects of dietary β-carotene on the immune response of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

SUMMARY: We attempt to assess the impact of different levels of dietary β-carotene on immune function in rainbow trout. Semi-purified diets containing 0, 40, 200, and 400 mg β-carotene/kg dry diet were fed for 12 weeks to fish with average weight of 45 g. In addition to the humoral and cellular immune parameters, growth and feed utilization were examined. There were no marked differences in growth and feed utilization showing that β-carotene was not particularly efficient in enhancing growth of rainbow trout. Of the immune parameters measured, total immunoglobulin was significantly highest for the 200 mg β-carotene fed group. Serum complement activity (alternate pathway) at 200 and 400 mg β-carotene supplementation was significantly higher than that of the unsupplemented group. An increasing trend in lysozyme activity was observed, however, the differences among the groups were not significant. Phagocytic activity was similar among diet groups except at the highest level of supplementation where it was the maximum. Oxygen radical production by peripheral blood leukocytes appeared to be lower at higher levels of carotenoid supplementation. Overall, dietary β-carotene clearly enhanced immune response parameters in rainbow trout such as serum complement activity and total plasma immunoglobulin but did not show a definite influence for the other factors examined in the present study.     

大豆疫霉菌对大豆下胚轴侵染过程的细胞学研究

 接种后1.5~24h,用光镜和电镜研究了2个大豆品种与大豆疫霉菌Ps411的亲和性和非亲和性互作。观察结果表明,大豆疫霉菌对大豆下胚轴的侵染过程可分为侵入前、侵入、皮层组织中的扩展和进入维管束组织4个连续阶段。大豆下胚轴接种后在25℃保湿培养,1.5h后游动孢子即形成休止孢并萌发产生附着孢,3h后侵入表皮细胞,6h后进入皮层组织,24h后进入维管束组织。病原菌主要以侵染菌丝直接侵入表皮,表皮细胞间隙是主要侵入部位。皮层细胞是病原菌定殖和发展的主要场所,胞间菌丝侵入皮层细胞并形成吸器。在菌丝与寄主细胞接触部位的寄主细胞壁与质膜之间常有胞壁沉积物的形成。在抗病品种上病菌的侵染事件与感病品种基本一致,但不能形成正常的吸器,胞壁沉积物明显多于感病品种,菌丝在寄主组织内的扩展明显受到抑制。利用β-1,3-葡聚糖免疫金标记单克隆抗体进行的免疫细胞化学的研究表明,胞壁沉积物内含有大量的β-1,3-葡聚糖,在大豆疫霉菌菌丝壁中也存在β-1,3-葡聚糖。以上结果表明,病原菌的侵染可诱导抗病寄主细胞内β-1,3-葡聚糖迅速的合成与积累、并形成胞壁沉积物,以抵御病菌的侵染与扩展。     

螺旋毛壳ND35 β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的诱导、性质及其抑菌作用

 以病原菌Rhizoctonia solani的细胞壁为诱导物,模拟毛壳菌自然的重寄生过程,研究了内生真菌螺旋毛壳(Chaetomium spirale) ND35 β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的产酶条件、性质,尤其是不同碳源的调控作用。结果表明,不同种类的真菌细胞壁及几丁质和昆布多糖,均可诱导产生β-1,3-葡聚糖酶,而作为分解代谢产物的葡萄糖则抑制产酶。经硫酸铵沉淀、DEAE-Sepharose阴离子交换层析及Phenyl-Sepharose疏水层析,并通过SDS-PAGE鉴定,纯化了一种分子量约为73 kDa的内切β-1,3-葡聚糖酶GLUC73。其最适反应温度为55℃,在40℃以下较稳定;最适pH值为5.5,在pH 5-9范围内均很稳定;酶活性受Hg²⁺、Fe³⁺、Zn²⁺、Mg²⁺等金属离子不同程度的抑制,Mn²⁺和Co²⁺对酶有激活作用;以昆布多糖为底物时,该酶的米氏常数K_m为0.412 mg·mL^-1,最大反直速度V_max为3.876 U·mL^-1。粗酶液同时具有β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶活性,离体抑菌试验表明,对苹果炭疽病菌(Glomerella cingulata)、杨树腐烂病菌(Valsa sordida)、苹果树腐烂病菌(Valsa mali)的菌丝生长和孢子萌发有明显的抑制作用。通过对β-1,3-葡聚糖进行免疫细胞化学标记和超微结构观察,间接证明了β-1,3-葡聚糖酶在螺旋毛壳重寄生过程中的作用。     

啤酒酵母葡聚糖对断奶仔猪生产性能及淋巴细胞转化率的影响

为了探讨啤酒酵母葡聚糖在断奶仔猪日粮中的适宜添加剂量及其对断奶仔猪细胞免疫功能的影响,本研究进行了2个试验。试验1选用100头(28±2)d断奶的二元杂交断奶仔猪,按单因子试验设计随机分为5个处理,分别饲喂含葡聚糖0、25、50、100mg/kg和200mg/kg的日粮。结果表明:随葡聚糖添加剂量的增加,平均日增重在14￣28 d及0￣28 d呈二次曲线变化(P<0.05)。试验2选用80头(28±2)d断奶的二元杂交断奶仔猪,随机分为2个处理,分别饲喂含葡聚糖0mg/kg和50mg/kg的日粮。在试验的第14天和第28天,每重复取1头仔猪前腔静脉采血,测定外周血淋巴细胞转化率。结果显示,在断奶仔猪日粮中添加50mg/kg葡聚糖提高了仔猪在14￣28d及0￣28d的日增重(P<0.05)。而且,也提高了仔猪在0￣14 d、0￣28 d及28￣35 d的平均日采食量(P<0.05)。但是对淋巴细胞转化率没有影响。结果表明:在断奶仔猪日粮中添加50mg/kg啤酒酵母葡聚糖,可以提高断奶仔猪的生产性能,而且没有性别差异。     

苯恶唑和狄普诺啡对麻醉大鼠血浆、垂体和下丘脑β-内啡肽的影响

用二甲苯胺噻嗪(xylazine)+双氢埃托啡(DHE)腹腔注射麻醉大鼠,30 m in时再腹腔注射苯恶唑(Rx781094)+狄普诺啡(M5050),重新记时,放射免疫分析法测定给药后0、5、10、60、120 m in时大鼠血浆、垂体和下丘脑β-内啡肽(β-EP)的含量。结果表明,Rx781094+M5050能够颉颃xylazine+DHE麻醉大鼠引起血浆β-EP的升高,垂体β-EP的下降和下丘脑β-EP的升高。这3种改变均从5 m in开始,持续至60m in。提示:α2-肾上腺素受体(α2-AR)和阿片受体激动剂组成的麻醉合剂xylazine+DHE对大鼠的镇痛和麻醉过程中,激发了内源性阿片肽β-EP的参与。     

Use of β-Glucanases and β-1,4-Xylanases to Supplement Diets Containing Alfalfa and Rye for Laying Hens: Effects on Bird Performance and Egg Quality

It is well established that the use of alfalfa in diets for monogastric animals is limited by its high fiber content. However, alfalfa is a natural source of xanthophylls and gives poultry products a desirably yellow color. In addition, alfalfa saponins may contribute to reduce the levels of cholesterol in the meat and egg yolk. We have investigated the potential utilization of β-glucanases and β-1,4-xylanases for enhancing the nutritive value of alfalfa for laying hens. An experiment was conducted with 864 ISA Brown layer hens from 40 to 52 wk of age and fed on diets containing rye (19.6%) or rye and alfalfa (15.1%). The results suggested that inclusion of alfalfa in the diets reduced body weights and total egg mass (P < 0.01). Dietary supplementation with polysaccharidases was unable to significantly improve the performance of laying hens. However, egg yolks from birds that consumed diets containing alfalfa were more deeply pigmented, presenting an increase in yellowness (b*). In contrast, at the percentage of incorporation tested, inclusion of alfalfa in the diets was unable to lower the levels of cholesterol content in the egg yolk. Taken together the results suggest that exogenous plant cell wall hydrolases are not effective for improving the nutritive value of alfalfa-containing diets for laying hens, although inclusion of small percentages of the dehydrated leguminous meal may directly affect the quality of the generated poultry products.     

Varietal Differences in Cell Wall β-(1→3),(1→4)-Glucan and Nonstructural Carbohydrate in Rice Stems during the Grain Filling Stage

Abstract

The contribution of cell wall components and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) to grain filling in rice (Oryza sativa L.) was clarified by investigating the differences in the dynamics of hemicellulose, sugar composition of hemicellulose, β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan, and NSC among cultivars with different grain filling capacities. This investigation was performed using the stems of standard, high yield and low harvest index (HI) cultivars. Hemicellulose concentration in stems tended to decrease slightly during the grain filling stage. This decrease was attributed to a decrease in β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan concentration, which was detected as a decrease in glucose composition of hemicellulose in the stems during the grain filling stage. The rate of decrease and decrease in the amount of β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan in the stems differed among the cultivars. These were higher in high yield and high HI cultivars than in relatively low yield and low HI cultivars. Moreover, a positive correlation was observed between the rate of decrease in β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan and NSC, indicating similarities in the dynamics of β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan and NSC among the cultivars. When the top half of panicle was removed, β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan and NSC concentrations in the culm and leaf sheath did not decrease during the grain filling stage. Therefore, the β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan in stems might be one of the sources that supply substrate to panicle as well as NSC.     

Decomposition of (1–3,1–4)-β-Glucan and Expression of the (1–3,1–4) -β-Glucanase Gene in Rice Stems during Ripening

Abstract

To elucidate the possible participation of hemicellulose decomposition in lodging resistance, we studied the change of hemicellulose and cellulose content in the stems of rice during the ripening stage by methylation analysis and the expression of related genes by Northern blotting. In the rice stem in ripening stage, content of (1-3,1-4)-β-glucan, a component of hemicellulose, decreased markedly although the content of arabinoxylan, a major component of hemicellulose, and cellulose showed little change during the same growth period. On the other hand, expression of the Gns 1 gene, which may encode (1-3,1-4) -β-glucanase that catalyzes the degradation of (1-3,14) -β-glucan, increased sharply in the stem. The mechanism of decomposition of (1-3,1-4) -β-glucan in rice stem and the possible association with lodging resistance is discussed.