IL-1β在鱼类皮肤免疫应答中的作用机制

正白细胞介素1(interleukin 1,IL-1)是一种重要的促炎性细胞因子,是体内调节免疫和炎症反应的中心介质,在哺乳动物中已发现11种IL-1家族成员,包括IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-1ra、IL-18、IL-1F5和IL-33等[1],目前在鱼类中只发现了IL-1β和IL-18。研究表明,IL-1β在鱼类皮肤免疫应答中起重要作     

TGF-β/Smad信号通路响应光周期变化参与调控斑马鱼卵巢发育

为研究不同光周期条件下转化生长因子-β超家族/Samd (TGF-β/Smad)信号通路在斑马鱼(Danio rerio)卵巢中的作用,利用荧光定量PCR技术检测连续黑暗(0 L∶24 D, DD)、自然光照(14 L∶10 D, LD)和连续光照(24 L∶0 D, LL)条件下斑马鱼卵巢中TGF-β/Smad信号通路中相关基因的相对表达量,并利用免疫组化技术检测不同光周期条件下p-Smad2在斑马鱼卵巢中的定位情况。结果显示,在不同光周期条件下,TGF-β/Smad信号通路中信号分子在斑马鱼卵巢中的表达模式不尽相同,其中配体(tgfb3)、受体(tgfbr2a,tgfbr2b,tgfbr1b)和下游蛋白激酶(smad2和smad3a)的表达趋势一致,即在不同光周期处理3 d后,上述6个基因的相对表达量DD组最高,LL组最低,但处理7 d后则呈相反趋势。在斑马鱼卵黄发生前期至充分生长未成熟期的卵母细胞中均检测到p-Smad2蛋白信号,但光周期处理后未影响p-Samd2在斑马鱼卵巢中的定位。结果表明,光周期变化可能通过改变tgfb3/受体/蛋白激酶基因的表达模式影响斑马鱼的卵巢发育。     

Effects of dietary β-carotene on the immune response of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

SUMMARY: We attempt to assess the impact of different levels of dietary β-carotene on immune function in rainbow trout. Semi-purified diets containing 0, 40, 200, and 400 mg β-carotene/kg dry diet were fed for 12 weeks to fish with average weight of 45 g. In addition to the humoral and cellular immune parameters, growth and feed utilization were examined. There were no marked differences in growth and feed utilization showing that β-carotene was not particularly efficient in enhancing growth of rainbow trout. Of the immune parameters measured, total immunoglobulin was significantly highest for the 200 mg β-carotene fed group. Serum complement activity (alternate pathway) at 200 and 400 mg β-carotene supplementation was significantly higher than that of the unsupplemented group. An increasing trend in lysozyme activity was observed, however, the differences among the groups were not significant. Phagocytic activity was similar among diet groups except at the highest level of supplementation where it was the maximum. Oxygen radical production by peripheral blood leukocytes appeared to be lower at higher levels of carotenoid supplementation. Overall, dietary β-carotene clearly enhanced immune response parameters in rainbow trout such as serum complement activity and total plasma immunoglobulin but did not show a definite influence for the other factors examined in the present study.     

Effects of Yeast Oligosaccharide Diet Supplements on Growth and Disease Resistance in Juvenile Nile Tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus

Commercially available yeast and yeast subcomponents consisting mainly of β-glucan or oligosaccharide feed additives were added to diets of juvenile (12–18g) Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at rates recommended by suppliers. Three experiments were conducted following a basic protocol with varied rates of supplementation, duration of feeding, and stocking densities. Experimental diets were fed twice daily to apparent satiation for a period of two or four weeks, at the end of which feed consumption and weight gain were measured. Following the experimental feeding period, serum components, including protein and immunoglobulin concentrations, as well as lysozyme and complement activities, were measured. A disease challenge was conducted with pathogenic isolates of Streptococcus iniae or Edwardsiella tarda. Weight gains were not significantly different in fish fed the supplemented diets when compared to the control diet. There were significant differences in fed intake within individual experiments; however, this effect was not consistent in all three experiments. Overall feed efficiency was not significantly affected by diet. There were no differences in serum components of fish sampled at two or four weeks. Fish fed the experimental diets did not have lower mortality or morbidity after disease challenge compared to fish fed the control diets. Specific antibody against S. iniae or E. tarda measured by ELISA did not reveal differences in the fish surviving the challenge. We conclude that the incorporation of these commercial yeast component products into the diet of juvenile Nile tilapia at these rates and for these feeding periods had no effect on growth, serum components, antibody responses, or survival following S. iniae or E. tarda infection.     

Effects of Cultivar and Environment on β-(1,3)-(1,4)-D-glucan Content and Acid Extract Viscosity of Spanish Barleys

The acid extract viscosities and β-glucan contents of ten two- and six-rowed barley cultivars grown at seven locations in three consecutive years in Spain were studied in the present work. The viscosities varied from 2·4 to 24·8 centistokes (cSt) and the mean value was 6·4 cSt. The average β-glucan content of barleys determined by HPLC was 3·5% with a range of 1·9–5·5%. Significant differences were found in both β-glucan content and acid extract viscosity between different cultivars, locations and years. The β-glucan contents and viscosities of winter cultivars were higher than those of spring. Cvs. Barbarrosa and Hatif de Grignon were the genotypes with the highest values for both parameters, while cv. Beka had the lowest viscosity and β-glucan content. Environmental factors influenced both parameters. The acid extract viscosities of barleys were correlated negatively with the amount of precipitation (r=−0·754;P<0·05). Barleys grown in wet and rainy areas (Girona and La Coruña) had lower viscosity values.     

Two β-amylase genes,OsBAM2 and OsBAM3, are involved in starch remobilization in rice leaf sheaths

To identify mechanisms of starch degradation in rice leaf sheaths at the post-heading stage, we investigated the function of OsBAM2 and OsBAM3, which encode plastid-targeted active β-amylase isoforms, in starch remobilization in leaf sheaths. The starch content in the second leaf sheaths below the flag leaf (the third leaf sheaths) peaked at the flag leaf emergence stage and gradually decreased until 15 days after heading. The mRNA levels of OsBAM2 and OsBAM3 in the third leaf sheaths increased from the flag leaf emergence stage to the heading stage when the starch content began to decrease. However, these mRNA levels did not always remain high during post-heading. Overexpression of OsBAM2 or OsBAM3 markedly repressed starch accumulation in the third leaf sheaths, showing that OsBAM2 and OsBAM3 function in starch degradation in rice leaf sheaths. In contrast, no significant differences in starch content in the third leaf sheaths were detected between knockdown plants of OsBAM2 or OsBAM3 and non-transgenic wild-type plants. Our results suggest that reduced expression of the individual genes, OsBAM2 or OsBAM3, does not result in excess accumulation of starch in the leaf sheaths, probably because of the complementary function of another gene or the action of other genes encoding starch-degrading .     

萝芙木异胡豆苷-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶(SGD)基因的克隆与分析

[目的]对萝芙木异胡豆苷-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶(SGD)基因进行克隆与分析。[方法]以萝芙木为材料,采用RACE技术,从萝芙木中克隆SGD的全长cDNA,并对其进行表达谱分析和相关生物信息学分析。[结果]萝芙木SGD基因cDNA全长1 856 bp,包含1 608 bp的开放阅读框,编码536个氨基酸,预测分子量为61 kDa,等电点pI为6.16;生物信息学分析显示,RvSGD与蛇根木SGD及长春花SGD的序列相似性分别高达90.1%和70.9%,RvSGD也具有SGD蛋白的3个保守氨基酸催化位点His-161、Glu-207和Glu-419;荧光定量PCR表明,RvSGD在树皮中表达量最高,其次是老叶、根、嫩叶和茎。[结论]RvSGD基因的克隆和功能分析有助于在分子水平上更好地了解这个基因在TIAs的生物合成中的作用,并为今后调控TIAs的生物合成提供了新的靶点。     

富含游离态异黄酮豆豉的制曲工艺优化

为了制备富含游离态异黄酮的豆豉,以前期筛选出的一株高产β-葡萄糖苷酶的菌株为菌种进行制曲。在研究接种量、发酵温度、发酵时间三种单因素对豆曲中蛋白酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶的活力影响基础上,采用三元二次正交旋转组合实验设计对制曲工艺进行优化,确定了最佳的制曲工艺条件为接种量(105.4个孢子·g-1大豆)、制曲温度26.5℃、制曲时间4 d,在此条件下,β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活力为245.24 U·g-1,蛋白酶酶活力为623.17 U·g-1。     

人参皂苷Rd-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物的制备和表征

对人参皂苷Rd-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物的制备和表征进行研究。采用溶剂-搅拌法制备包合物,然后用差示扫描量热法、红外光谱法以及显微镜法对得到的产物进行表征,3种表征方法均表明包合物已经形成。用高效液相色谱法测定包合物中人参皂苷Rd的含量为7.53%,包合物在25℃下的溶解度比人参皂苷Rd增大了24.3倍,在37℃下的溶解度增大了219倍。包合物水溶性良好,说明羟丙基-β-环糊精作为药物载体可以提高药物溶解度。     

石菖蒲、当归挥发油的提取及β-环糊精包合工艺研究

对石菖蒲、当归挥发油的提取及β-环糊精包合工艺进行了研究。以挥发油提取率及包合率为评价指标,采用正交试验法优选最佳提取及包合工艺条件,并采用薄层色谱法(TLC)、紫外光谱分析法(UC)及红外光谱分析法(IR)对包合物进行分析鉴定。得到最佳提取工艺:药材粉碎度粗粉10目,无需浸泡,提取时间8h;最佳包合工艺条件:mL(挥发油)与g(β-环糊精)的投料比=1∶8,包合温度60℃,搅拌时间2h,所形成的包合物通过TLC、UC、IR法证实工艺稳定、可行,为其在生产中的应用提供了依据。