六种新烟碱类杀虫剂残留在苹果实验室模拟加工中的变化

为明确苹果中残留的烯啶虫胺、噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、噻虫胺、呋虫胺和啶虫脒6种新烟碱类药剂在不同加工过程中的变化情况,采用高效液相色谱法研究了6种药剂在苹果实验室罐头、果酱、果酒和果醋模拟加工过程中的残留量变化。结果表明:在苹果罐头加工过程中,6种药剂在罐头中残留量与初始浓度相比均显著降低,其中吡虫啉和噻虫胺在罐头中的加工因子较高,均为0.8,啶虫脒在罐头中的加工因子最低,为0.1。罐头汁中烯啶虫胺的加工因子最高,为0.5,其次为啶虫脒和噻虫嗪,均为0.4。在果酱加工过程中,烯啶虫胺、噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、噻虫胺、呋虫胺和啶虫脒的加工因子分别为0.8、0.9、0.9、1.0、0.9和0.9。在果酒中除吡虫啉的加工因子为0.1外,其余药剂加工因子均小于0.1。在果醋中除噻虫胺有少量残留(0.05 mg/kg)外,其余药剂均低于检出限。6种新烟碱类药剂在苹果实验室模拟加工过程中,加工因子均小于1,残留降低。     

Fitness costs of laboratory-selected imidacloprid resistance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål

Imidacloprid has been used as a key insecticide to control the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål, for several years, but no obvious resistance has been identified in field populations as yet. To evaluate the risk, a field population was collected and selected with imidacloprid in the laboratory. After 37‐generation selection a strain with 250‐fold resistance had been successfully achieved. Fitness analysis by constructing life tables demonstrated that resistant hoppers had obvious disadvantages in their reproduction. The fitness of highly resistant hoppers had decreased dramatically (0.169 and 0.104) to only one‐fifth to one‐tenth of that of the susceptible strain. Hence it was concluded that the brown planthopper had the potential to develop high resistance to imidacloprid but that the lower fitness of resistant hoppers could result in a quick recovery of sensitivity when the population did not come into contact with imidacloprid. This means that a reasonable resistance management programme with less imidacloprid use may efficiently delay or even stop resistance development. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Inheritance mode and realized heritability of resistance to imidacloprid in the brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

BACKGROUND: The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), is a serious pest that causes enormous losses to the rice crop in Asia. The genetic basis of imidacloprid resistance was investigated in N. lugens. RESULTS: The resistant strain, selected for imidacloprid resistance from a field population of N. lugens collected from Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, showed a 964‐fold resistance compared with the laboratory strain. Progenies of reciprocal crosses (F₁ and F₁′) showed similar dose–mortality responses (LC₅₀) to imidacloprid, and also exhibited a similar degree of dominance (D), 0.58 for F₁ and 0.63 for F₁′. Chi‐square analyses of self‐bred and backcross progenies (F₂, F₂′ and BC respectively) rejected the hypothesis for a single gene control of the resistance. The estimated realized heritability (h²) of imidacloprid resistance was 0.1141 in the resistant strain of N. lugens. CONCLUSION: The results showed that imidacloprid resistance in N. lugens was autosomal and was expressed as an incompletely dominant trait, probably controlled by multiple genes. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同施药方式下吡虫啉对棉田绿盲蝽种群动态的影响

为探讨吡虫啉对绿盲蝽种群数量的控制作用,2011—2012年连续两年采用种子包衣、颗粒剂穴施和灌根处理棉花,并结合种植绿豆诱集带的方式,研究其对棉田绿盲蝽种群动态的影响。在吡虫啉有效成分用量为1 500 g/hm²时,棉花颗粒剂穴施+绿豆诱集带颗粒剂穴施、灌根和颗粒剂穴施3种处理,对棉田绿盲蝽种群数量控制作用较好,自棉花苗期至8月中旬花铃期百株绿盲蝽数量分别为12、15、17、8、19头,均低于为害经济阈值,控制有效期接近110 d;在吡虫啉有效成分用量为900 g/hm²时的棉花颗粒剂穴施、灌根处理以及吡虫啉有效成分用量为675 g/hm²的棉花种子包衣+绿豆诱集带种子包衣处理,对棉田绿盲蝽种群数量控制作用次之,控制期在100 d左右。单一棉花种子包衣处理控制效果低于上述处理,持效接近90 d。各处理对棉叶受害指数减退率的影响与其对绿盲蝽种群数量的控制结果基本一致,表明棉田吡虫啉颗粒剂穴施及液体制剂灌根施药是控制绿盲蝽为害的有效施药手段。     

Behaviour modifying effects of low systemic concentrations of imidacloprid on Myzus persicae with special reference to an antifeeding response

With a combination of biological, analytical, electrophysiological, and video-optical methods, it was possible to show that low concentrations of the new chloronicotinyl insecticide, imidacloprid, strongly affect the behaviour of Myzus persicae (Sulz.), leading eventually to the death of the aphids. Tests to elucidate the biological properties were performed under laboratory conditions with cabbage leaf petioles placed in insecticidal solutions over different periods of time. LC_15(24h) values were considered as low concentrations and calculated for imidacloprid and pirimicarb, respectively. Imidacloprid at low concentrations depressed the honeydew excretion of apterous adults of M. persicae by almost 95% within 24 h without affecting the vitality of the majority of aphids, whereas, at equitoxic concentrations, pirimicarb showed much weaker effects on honeydew excretion, which strongly coincided with mortality. In choice experiments with alate morphs of M. persicae over 48 h, their larvae almost always occurred on the untreated control leaf, and were not found on the leaf which was treated systemically with low concentrations of imidacloprid. Apterous aphids placed on cabbage leaves systemically treated with low concentrations of imidacloprid showed nearly the same decrease in weight as untreated starving aphids, suggesting that their death was caused by starvation. Aphids that were moved from imidacloprid-treated to untreated leaves after 24 h began feeding on the latter and showed a steady increase in weight and honeydew production. This suggests that the behavioural response is reversible. Aphids on pirimicarb-treated (equitoxic dose) leaves showed no decrease in weight. Electrical penetration graphs revealed that M. persicae on artificial membranes containing imidacloprid probed more often before feeding than aphids on control sachets. Time-lapse videofilming of apterous adults placed on cabbage leaves revealed a migration from the leaf treated with low concentrations of imidacloprid to an untreated leaf. From the results of these experiments and the observed symptomatology it is possible to postulate two different and dose-dependent modes of action of imidacloprid on M. persicae: (1) the well-known mode of action with visually obvious irreversible symptoms (paralysis, tremor, uncoordinated leg-movement) at field rates, and (2) the reversible starvation response as an antifeedant effect, which is not coupled with typical symptoms of neuronal disorder, at lower concentrations.     

Neural actions of imidacloprid and their involvement in resistance in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)

BACKGROUND: The development of resistance to imidacloprid in eastern US populations of the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), threatens this critical use for neonicotinoid insecticides. Previous pharmacokinetic studies with resistant adult CPBs provided no explanation for the high resistance level (over 200-fold) to topically applied imidacloprid. The authors assessed the neural activity of imidacloprid by recording spontaneous activity from a motor nerve leaving the isolated central nervous system to compare the sensitivity of the latter to imidacloprid between susceptible and resistant CPBs. RESULTS: On the isolated central nervous system, imidacloprid was initially neuroexcitatory, and neuroinhibitory at higher concentrations. The neuroexcitatory action of imidacloprid was blocked by coapplication of a specific nAChR antagonist, methyllycaconitine, indicating that it is a result of action on nAChRs. The sensitivity to the neuroexcitatory and inhibitory activities of imidacloprid varied independently among individuals in each population. The sensitivity of the central nervous system of resistant CPBs to excitation by imidacloprid did not differ from that of susceptible insects, but the sensitivity to inhibition by imidacloprid was reduced 52- to 58-fold, indicating a possible change in the sensitivity of at least one subgroup of nAChRs. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that reduced nerve sensitivity to the blocking action of imidacloprid is associated with imidacloprid resistance in the CPB.     

园林树木种类及树冠大小对自流式注干药剂吸收及传导的影响

为探明园林树木种类、树冠大小及药剂种类对自流式注干药剂吸收及传导的影响,将甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐（简称甲维盐）分别与丁硫克百威、吡虫啉及阿维菌素组合,配制成2.8%甲维盐＋0.3%丁硫克百威（简称3.1% EB）、6%甲维盐＋4%吡虫啉（10%EB）与2%甲维盐＋0.5%阿维菌素（2.5% EB）3种乳油（EC）注干液剂,通过自流式树干注药方式,将3.1% EB和10% EB分别导入香抛树、柳树与栾树体内,研究了不同树种及不同药剂下药液吸收与传导的差异;采用2.5% EB,研究了香抛树树冠直径对药液吸收及传导的影响,同时通过HPLC-UVD检测方法,考察了药剂的残效期。结果表明:树木种类会显著影响注干药剂的吸收,且吸收速率依次为柳树>香抛树>栾树,开始注药5 d后,柳树上的药剂已被全部吸收,而栾树上3.1% EB和10% EB 的剩余量分别为66.6% 和48.6%;开始注药5 d后,10% EB在香抛树上的吸收率显著高于3.1% EB,两者剩余量分别为12.6%和29.3%,而其他处理则显示药剂种类对其吸收率影响不大;香抛树树冠直径大小对2.5% EB的吸收具有显著影响,冠径越大越利于药剂的吸收;开始注药起第113天,在香抛树枝叶中仍能检测到阿维菌素和甲维盐残留。研究表明,柳树对3.1% EB和10% EB的吸收性能均最佳,且供试药剂种类对其吸收性能影响不大;香抛树冠径大小与其对2.5% EB的吸收呈正相关性,且药剂残效期高达90~120 d。     

渭北旱原不同保护性耕作方式水肥增产效应研究

在渭北旱原合阳县,对机播条件下,采用免耕秸秆粉碎覆盖( )、免耕秸秆覆盖( )、深松秸秆粉碎覆盖( )、免耕高留茬覆盖( )、深松高留茬覆盖( )5种保护性耕作方式进行了连续4a试验研究,结果表明,保护性耕作具有明显的保水增产增收效果,免耕高留茬覆盖和深松高留茬覆盖增产最为显著,分别比传统耕作增产37.5%和34.9%,免耕(深松)高留茬覆盖还具有省工节能,用养结合的特点,经济、生态和社会综合效益明显。     

基质固相分散-高效液相色谱法测定小麦籽粒中吡虫啉和啶虫脒残留

建立了以C18键合硅胶作为固相分散剂,高效液相色谱法同时测定小麦籽粒中吡虫啉和啶虫脒残留的分析方法。C18键合硅胶与样品一起研磨均匀制成基质固相分散柱,用乙腈淋洗,浓缩后用高效液相色谱检测。结果表明:吡虫啉在0.05~0.8 mg/L、啶虫脒在0.1~1.0 mg/L的范围内线性良好,相关系数分别为0.999 6、0.999 7。在0.05、0.1、0.5 mg/kg水平时,吡虫啉和啶虫脒的添加回收率分别在88.5%~98.4%和93.2%~98.9%之间,相对标准偏差分别在2.0%~3.8%和3.6%~9.8%之间,仪器最低检出量分别为0.1 ng和0.4 ng,方法最小检出浓度分别为0.04 mg/kg 和 0.1 mg/kg。该方法简便、快速、溶剂消耗少,满足农药残留分析的要求。     

10%吡虫啉·灭多威可湿性粉剂的高效液相色谱分析

本文介绍以ODS色谱柱,UV252nm为检测波长,用乙腈/水=65/35(V/V)做流动相,在ODS色谱柱上同柱测定吡虫啉和灭多威含量,其变异系数分别为1.46%和0.97%,回收率分别在98.96%～100.39%和99.61%～100.67%范围内,相关系数分别为0.9985和0.9991。