微观水分和养分条件对铜绿假单胞菌噬菌体裂解宿主过程的影响

摘 要：【目的】研究不同水分和养分条件下,细菌和噬菌体的生长和运移规律、细菌和噬菌体种群互作过程以及其对群落结构的影响和调控机制。【方法】通过控制微生物运动平板表面相对水膜厚度研究铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1）和铜绿假单胞菌噬菌体PA-27-1（Pseudomonas phage PA-27-1）的互作过程。【结果】细菌和噬菌体的互作主要受噬菌体裂解细菌、细菌的运动和噬菌体扩散三个因素控制。水分通过调控多孔表面水膜的厚度和连通性来改变细菌在微孔尺度的运动,进而影响微生物在粗糙界面的增殖和生物膜的形成过程以及菌落的形态特征,同时通过影响噬菌体的扩散传播来调节细菌和噬菌体之间的互作机制。细菌与噬菌体自身运动性及个体大小上的不同也导致二者在微观孔隙中增殖（扩散）特征的差异。相对低水膜网络促进了细菌和噬菌体之间的空间隔离,降低了噬菌体有效侵染细菌的概率,从而有利于细菌的增殖。丰富的养分条件有利于细菌生物量的快速繁殖,进而促进噬菌体的增殖。【结论】本研究揭示了环境生物膜等微生境中噬菌体和宿主细菌的生长和运移规律,有助于为深入理解土壤噬菌体的时空分布特征与演变规律以及其与土壤细菌之间的互作模式提供理论基础和数据支撑。     

Corn-soybean intercropping and nitrogen rates affected crop nitrogen and carbon uptake and C:N ratio in upland red soil

The objective of this research was to determine the effect of corn-soybean intercropping and nitrogen rates on crop biomass, nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) accumulation, and crop C:N ratio in upland red soil. Crop dry matter yields, nitrogen and carbon contents (including grain, straw and root) were measured. Compared with sole corn, corn dry matter yield and carbon accumulation decreased in intercropped soybean. Intercropping decreased the corn C:N ratio, whereas it increased soybean C:N ratio. Nitrogen application significantly increased corn yield, nitrogen and carbon accumulation, but reduced those of soybean. Nitrogen application decreased corn straw C:N ratio and increased soybean straw C:N ratio in most intercropping systems. In conclusion, intercropping and nitrogen rates affected the growth of corn and soybean, changed the allocations of nitrogen and carbon, and altered C:N ratios in different parts of the crops.     

Increases in phosphatase and β‐glucosidase activities in wheat seedlings in response to phosphorus‐deficient growth

The ability of plants to utilize P efficiently is important for crops growing in P‐deficient soils or on soils with a high P‐fixing capacity. The purpose of this work was to investigate early physiological changes which occur when wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings were grown under P‐deficient conditions. Wheat plants were grown in a greenhouse and watered with nutrient solution containing or lacking P. During the interval 12 to 18 days after planting, the dry weight of wheat seedlings was similar regardless of P treatment, although the P‐deficient plants had a greater proportion of the total plant weight in the roots. Sixteen days after planting, the roots and leaves of P‐deficient plants had only 20 to 30% the P content of P‐sufficient plants. After 16 days, plants grown under P stress had 41% more p‐nitrophenol phosphatase activity and 70% more β‐glucosidase activity in shoot homogenates than was found in P‐sufficient plants. Changes in both enzyme activities may be involved in the mobilization of plant resources during the early stages of P‐deficient growth.     

Phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase activity and ortho‐diphenolic content with regard to boron nutrition in sunflower leaves.

Homogenates were prepared from the leaves of hydroponically cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus, L.) under deficient, normal and toxic B conditions and the phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase activity together with the ortho‐diphenolic and micronutrient content were measured every week from one month to flowering

The restoration of enzymatic activity on the exogenous addition of borate “in vivo”; was also studied.

Both B toxicity and deficiency resulted in increased phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase activity in the homogenates

The toxicity effect was early and sustained and the deficiency effect late and transitory. “In vitro”; borate addition to the reaction mixture did not significantly change the phenylalanine‐ammonia‐lyase activity in the homogenates.

There was no statistical correlation between the phenylalanine‐ammonia‐lyase activity and any micronutrient content in leaves.

A high accumulation of ortho‐diphenolics appeared in B‐deficient leaves only after 28 days of differential culture and may be responsible for the drop in phenylalanine‐ammonia‐lyase activity noted at this time.     

Uptake and Distribution of Nitrogen in Perennial Ryegrass: Effect of Additional Applications at Vegetative Growth

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) fertilization rate, form, and timing in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) vary according to the purpose of the grass. Double or triple spring N applications are required in forage production of perennial ryegrass. Whereas in perennial ryegrass grown for seed production the effect of more than one application has not received much attention. The hypothesis is that in perennial ryegrass grown for seed production the utilization of applied N depends on the current N status. Perennial ryegrass was grown in a hydroponic system with two N rates: low‐N (0.2 mM) and high‐N (6.0 mM). After 47 days of growth, additional N was applied as double‐labeled ¹⁵NO₃ ^{? 15}NH₄ ⁺ on four successive occasions in order to distinguish between the recoveries of the initial N applications and the additional N applied. Growth parameters and N content were analyzed on five harvesting occasions. Additional N applications to plants with low N status were primarily used to increase both N content in all organs as well as shoot number. By contrast, in high‐N treatments, the additional N supplied was primarily used to increase total‐N content in leaves. In all treatments, leaves were the preferable storage organs for N, however, the results from the high‐N treatments suggest a shift to pseudo‐stems as the preferable storage organ when additional N was supplied. It is suggested that the current N concentration in perennial ryegrass determines the potential of the plants to utilize additional applied N.     

Short‐term response of the Ca cycle of a montane forest in Ecuador to low experimental CaCl2 additions

The tropical montane forests of the E Andean cordillera in Ecuador receive episodic Sahara‐dust inputs particularly increasing Ca deposition. We added CaCl₂ to isolate the effect of Ca deposition by Sahara dust to tropical montane forest from the simultaneously occurring pH effect. We examined components of the Ca cycle at four control plots and four plots with added Ca (2 × 5 kg ha^–1 Ca annually as CaCl₂) in a random arrangement. Between August 2007 and December 2009 (four applications of Ca), we determined Ca concentrations and fluxes in litter leachate, mineral soil solution (0.15 and 0.30 m depths), throughfall, and fine litterfall and Al concentrations and speciation in soil solutions. After 1 y of Ca addition, we assessed fine‐root biomass, leaf area, and tree growth. Only < 3% of the applied Ca leached below the acid organic layer (pH 3.5–4.8). The added CaCl₂ did not change electrical conductivity in the root zone after 2 y. In the second year of fertilization, Ca retention in the canopy of the Ca treatment tended to decrease relative to the control. After 2 y, 21% of the applied Ca was recycled to soil with throughfall and litterfall. One year after the first Ca addition, fine‐root biomass had decreased significantly. Decreasing fine‐root biomass might be attributed to a direct or an indirect beneficial effect of Ca on the soil decomposer community. Because of almost complete association of Al with dissolved organic matter and high free Ca²⁺ : Al³⁺ activity ratios in solution of all plots, Al toxicity was unlikely. We conclude that the added Ca was retained in the system and had beneficial effects on some plants.     

利用遗传突变基因改良特用玉米Ⅴ.甜玉米胚乳突变基因的效应与利用

简要说明甜玉米突变基因由来以及研究近况.甜玉米在碳水化合物中形成的隐性突变基因占有相当大的比例,其种源丰富,已育成多个品种.在育种技术方面,着重介绍新方法--转座子育种技术。     

烘干玉米质量分析与控制

本文对烘干玉米的主要化学成份和几种重要的酶进行了测试，并与晾晒玉米进行了对照分析。分析了玉米在后期贮藏和使用中产生劣变的主要因素，提出了确保烘干玉米质量的有效措施。     

玉米优异种质资源53自交系的选育及应用

53自交系是利用9个优良自交系组成基础群体,经两次开放传粉后自交选育而成.试验示范结果表明,53高抗大小斑病和青枯病,抗玉米丝黑穗病,中抗玉米矮花叶病及粗缩病,配合力高,自身产量高,生育期适中,受到省内外育种家关注.据不完全统计,在河北、河南、山西和云南等省以53及其改良系作亲本已育成11个通过审定的杂交种.其中河北省的冀丰58及河南省的豫玉27在省内外累计推广面积达900万hm²。     

科学管理与调控钾肥,实现玉米高产稳产

应用"土壤养分状况系统研究法"对吉林省202个土壤样品化验分析和生物诊断.结果表明,土壤缺钾位序由70年代的N、P、Zn、K演变为N、K、Zn、P,钾肥在我省春玉米的平衡施肥中起着重要作用;各品种玉米对土壤和肥料中钾素的敏感程度不同,吸收钾的数量差异悬殊.钾肥在不同类型土壤上对玉米增产数量有较大差异,在黑土上增产15.1%,淡黑钙土上增产20.4%,风沙土上增产38.8%.试验还得出了土壤中速效钾含量与施钾最大增产量呈极显著的直线负相关(y=3491.5-23.0X)。