施肥对板栗林地土壤N2O通量动态变化的影响

2011年6月-2012年6月期间, 在浙江省临安市典型板栗林地进行施肥对土壤N₂O通量变化影响的试验研究。目的在于探明不同施肥处理下板栗林地土壤N₂O通量的动态变化规律,并探讨土壤N₂O通量和土壤环境因子之间的关系。试验设置4个处理:对照(不施肥)、无机肥、有机肥、有机无机混合肥。采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定了板栗林地土壤N₂O通量,并测定了土壤温度、水分、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量。结果表明:板栗林土壤N₂O通量呈显著季节性变化,最大值出现在夏季,最小值出现在冬季;而且,施肥处理显著提高土壤N₂O年均通量和年累积量;在整个试验期间,无机肥、有机肥和有机无机混合肥处理下土壤N₂O的排放系数分别达到0.96%、1.45%和1.29%。此外,施肥也显著增加了土壤WSOC和MBC的含量(P < 0.05)。不同施肥处理条件下,土壤N₂O通量与土壤5 cm处温度、WSOC含量间均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),但与MBC含量之间的相关性不显著。土壤N₂O排放与土壤含水量间除对照处理外均没有显著相关性。综上所述,施肥引起土壤WSOC含量的增加可能是施肥增加板栗林地土壤N₂O排放速率的主要原因之一。     

H2O2对陈化马铃薯切片抗氰呼吸的诱导作用研究

研究了H₂O₂对陈化马铃薯切片抗氰呼吸的诱导作用.用切片和纯化线粒体进行测定的结果均表明外源H₂O₂(5.0 mmol/L)处理对陈化马铃薯切片的总呼吸只有微弱的影响,但却可以明显诱导切片的抗氰呼吸,并显著提高抗氰呼吸对总呼吸的贡献.应用交替氧化酶的单克隆抗体进行Western杂交的结果表明,H₂O₂处理可以增强陈化马铃薯切片中交替氧化酶的表达,表明H₂O₂对抗氰呼吸的诱导作用与其时交替氧化酶表达的诱导有关.抗氰呼吸可能参与了H₂O₂调控植物抗病防御反应的作用机制.     

硼浓度对毛木耳菌丝生长的影响试验

试验通过不同浓度的Na2B4O7在改变PDA培养基及棉子壳一木屑培养基的试验,测定了其对毛木耳菌丝生长的影响。结果表明:在200mg／kg浓度下促进作用最为显著,而其浓度超过400 mg／kg时对菌丝有强烈的抑制作用。     

氨氮胁迫对奥尼罗非鱼非特异性免疫的影响

将奥尼罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus× O. areus）幼鱼暴露于不同质量浓度（0、2.5 mg·L -1、5 mg·L -1、10 mg ·L -1和20 mg·L -1）的氨氮溶液中,于第0、第12、第24、第48和第72小时测定其非特异性免疫相关指标。结果表明,试验幼鱼经氨氮胁迫后各试验组血清溶菌酶活力随着胁迫时间的延长下降显著（P ﹤0.05）。氨氮胁迫明显影响鱼肝脏总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）及相关抗氧化酶活力。与对照组相比,随胁迫时间增加各试验组肝脏 T-AOC 及总超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）活力均先下降后上升（P ﹤0.05）。过氧化氢酶（CAT）及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活力变化还与胁迫溶液浓度相关。低浓度组（2.5 mg·L -1和5 mg·L -1）,CAT 活力在胁迫24 h 后显著下降（P ﹤0.05）;高浓度组（10 mg·L -1和20 mg·L -1）,CAT 活力却出现先升高后降低的变化。除最高浓度组,各试验组 GSH-Px 活力表现为诱导效应（P ﹤0.05）。试验条件下氨氮胁迫对罗非鱼非特异性免疫产生明显影响,且随浓度增加及时间延长影响程度加大。     

Effect of salinity on survival, growth, oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion of juvenile whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

In this study, we tested the lower salinity tolerance of juvenile shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) at a relatively low temperature (20 °C). In the first of two laboratory experiments, we first abruptly transferred shrimps (6.91 ± 0.05 g wet weight, mean ± SE) from the rearing salinity (35 000 mg L^?1) to salinities of 5000, 15 000, 25 000, 35 000 (control) and 40 000 mg L^?1 at 20 °C. The survival of L. vannamei juvenile was not affected by salinities from 15 000 to 40 000 mg L^?1 during the 96‐h exposure periods. Shrimps exposed to 5000 mg L^?1 were significantly affected by salinity, with a survival of 12.5% after 96 h. The 24‐, 48‐ and 96‐h lethal salinity for 50% (LS₅₀) were 7020, 8510 and 9540 mg L^?1 respectively. In the second experiment, shrimps (5.47 ± 0.09 g wet weight, mean ± SE) were acclimatized to the different salinity levels (5000, 15 000, 25 000, 35 000 and 40 000 mg L^?1) and then maintained for 30 days at 20 °C. Results showed that the survival was significantly lower at 5000 mg L^?1 than at other salinity levels, but the final wet weight under 5000 mg L^?1 treatment was significantly higher than those under other treatments (P<0.05). Feed intake (FI) of shrimp under 5000 mg L^?1 was significantly lower than those of shrimp under 150 00–40 000 mg L^?1; food conversion efficiency (FCE), however, showed a contrasting change (P<0.05). Furthermore, salinity significantly influenced the oxygen consumption rates, ammonia‐N excretion rates and the O/N ratio of test shrimps (P<0.05). The results obtained in our work provide evidence that L. vannamei juveniles have limited capacity to tolerate salinities <10 000 mg L^?1 at a relatively low temperature (20 °C). Results also show that L. vannamei juvenile can recover from the abrupt salinity change between 15 000 and 40 000 mg L^?1 within 24 h.     

温度对奥尼罗非鱼受精卵孵化和仔鱼活力的影响

研究了温度对奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus)受精卵孵化和仔鱼活力的影响。在盐度为5不同温度(22、24、26、28、30、32和34℃)下,比较观察奥尼罗非鱼受精卵的培育周期、孵化周期、孵化率和畸形率。同时在以上不同温度条件下对初孵的奥尼罗非鱼仔鱼进行耐饥饿试验,测定其不投饵存活系数(Survivalactivity index,SAI)。结果表明:在温度为24~32℃,受精卵孵化率较高(84.3%~91%),温度高于34℃和低于22℃时,孵化率较低。温度与培育周期呈负相关关系,函数关系为y=0.3607x2-26.836x+553.5,R2=0.973。仔鱼生存适宜温度是24~30℃,最适的温度是24~26℃。温度为22℃时,SAI值分别为19.9,但是仔鱼发育的缓慢,部分仔鱼的身体色素一直没有出现,不适合仔鱼的培育。     

短期培养下抑制剂烯丙基硫脲对土壤硝化作用及微生物的影响

硝化抑制剂烯丙基硫脲（ATU）对土壤硝化作用及温室效应的影响及机理尚不清楚。本研究采集典型旱地土壤,进行21天室内微宇宙培养,探究了氮肥与不同剂量ATU（分别为氮素用量的1%, 5%, 10%, 15%和20%）配施对土壤硝化作用及N2O和CO2排放通量的影响,并通过实时荧光定量PCR和高通量测序16S rRNA基因技术监测硝化微生物群落变化,同时与传统硝化抑制剂双氰胺（DCD）进行了保氮减排效果的对比。结果表明,与未施加氮肥的对照相比（CK）,单施氮肥（N）显著提高了土壤硝化强度并促进了N2O排放。DCD能显著抑制硝态氮和N2O的积累,抑制效率分别为68.6%和93.3%。而低浓度ATU对土壤硝化作用无影响,仅在高浓度具有抑制效应,且抑制效率最高仅为14.7%。所有ATU处理N2O排放量均显著降低,降幅为60.3～68.2%,仍远高于DCD处理。处理间N2O和CO2的综合温室效应强弱顺序为N>ATU+N>DCD+N≈CK,且不同ATU施用量处理之间差异不显著。相关分析发现氨氧化细菌（AOB）,而不是氨氧化古菌（AOA）和全程氨氧化细菌（Comammox）,与土壤硝态氮积累和N2O排放显著正相关,与土壤pH显著负相关。高通量测序结果表明Nitrosovibrio tenuis类型AOB对氮肥诱导的硝化过程起主导作用。除此之外,ATU和DCD还能显著提高Cupriavidus,并降低Patulibacter、Aeromicrobium、Actinomycetospora、Defluviicoccus和Acidipila等微生物属在群落中的相对丰度。该研究为深化土壤碳氮循环理论,合理使用硝化抑制剂以及减缓温室气体排放提供科学依据。     

茶树叶片荧光性绿斑病的初步研究

采用田间调查、病原生物培养、病理解剖和电子探针多种方法,对茶树叶片荧光性绿斑病的症状、发生和田间分布特点、病因进行了初步研究。结果表明:该病害典型症状表现为叶片下表皮局部凸起、呈绿色、且能发射绿色荧光;其凸起增厚是由于叶片海绵细胞病变、体积增大、细胞之间相互挤压所致;病害的发生与茶树生长势和营养供应水平密切相关;田间分布具分散性和不均衡性,无明显的发病中心;病理解剖和微生物培养没有发现病原生物,但可见细胞膜结构的破坏、细胞质中多泡体的形成以及多种异常细胞,而且病叶海绵细胞中含有较多的草酸钙晶体。综合以上结果可以初步判定:该病害属于生理性病害。     

Seasonal variations of nitrous oxide emission in relation to nitrogen fertilization and energy crop types in sandy soil

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a greenhouse gas and agricultural soils are major sources of atmospheric N₂O. Its emissions from soils make up the largest part in the global N₂O budget. Research was carried out at the experimental fields of the Leibniz-Institute of Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim (ATB). Different types (mineral and wood ash) and levels (0, 75 and 150 kg N ha⁻¹) of fertilization were applied to annual (rape, rye, triticale and hemp) and perennial (poplar and willow) plants every year. N₂O flux measurements were performed 4 times a week by means of gas flux chambers and an automated gas chromatograph between 2003 and 2005. Soil samples were also taken close to the corresponding measuring rings. Soil nitrate and ammonium were measured in soil extracts.N₂O emissions had a peak after N fertilization in spring, after plant harvest in summer and during the freezing–thawing periods in winter. Both fertilization and plant types significantly altered N₂O emission. The maximum N₂O emission rate detected was 1081 μg N₂O m⁻² h⁻¹ in 2004. The mean annual N₂O emissions from the annual plants were more than twofold greater than those of perennial plants (4.3 kg ha⁻¹ vs. 1.9 kg ha⁻¹). During January, N₂O fluxes considerably increased in all treatments due to freezing–thawing cycles. Fertilization together with annual cropping doubled the N₂O emissions compared to perennial crops indicating that N use efficiency was greater for perennial plants. Fertilizer-derived N₂O fluxes constituted about 32% (willow) to 67% (rape/rye) of total soil N₂O flux. Concurrent measurements of soil water content, NO₃ and NH₄ support the conclusion that nitrification is main source of N₂O loss from the study soils. The mean soil NO₃-N values of soils during the study for fertilized soils were 1.6 and 0.9 mg NO₃-N kg⁻¹ for 150 and 75 kg N ha⁻¹ fertilization, respectively. This value reduced to 0.5 mg NO₃-N kg⁻¹ for non-fertilized soils.