祁红创始人胡元龙的商业经营及其困境——以新发现的分家书为中心

新发现的分家书显示,祁红鼻祖胡元龙父子商业经营的资本来源于借贷,属于小本起家者。胡元龙创制新的茶叶品种祁门红茶,迎来新的发展契机,在商业经营过程中善于利用民间互助性的会社组织进行融资,形成茶叶、瓷土、山林等多途并举的综合性产业结构,实现了规模化经营。因时代局限及缺乏新的商业经营机制,其商业经营最终陷入困境,未能向现代化工业生产转型。     

小麦苗期根系性状的全基因组关联分析与优异位点挖掘

【目的】植物根系对水分及营养的获取、作物的生长发育和产量的形成至关重要。挖掘小麦苗期根系性状显著关联的SNP位点,预测相关候选基因,为解析小麦根系建成遗传机制及选育具有优良根系构型的小麦品种奠定基础。【方法】以189份小麦品种组成的自然群体为供试材料,调查2种培养条件（霍格兰营养液和去离子水）下培育21 d的苗期根系总长度（TRL）、根系总表面积（TRA）、根系总体积（TRV）、根系平均直径（ARD）及根系干重（RDW）等5个根系性状,试验进行2次重复,同时结合小麦660K SNP芯片的分型结果进行全基因组关联分析（genome-wide association study,GWAS）。此外,通过序列比对、结构域分析和注释信息预测候选基因,并采用竞争性等位基因特异性PCR(kompetitive allele specific PCR,KASP)技术开发根系性状的分子标记。【结果】霍格兰营养液培养条件下的根系性状变异范围较大,根系整体粗短;而去离子水条件下的根系细长、侧根较多。选用贝叶斯信息与连锁不平衡迭代嵌套式模型（BLINK）、压缩式混合线性模型（CMLM）、固定随机循环概率模型（...     

气相色谱-质谱联用法测定诱虫烯混剂中有效成分含量

本文采用石英毛细管色谱柱HP-5 MS(30.0 m×0.25 mm×0.25μm)和质谱(EI离子源)、SIM模式,建立了一种气相色谱-质谱联用法对含诱虫烯混剂进行分析的方法。结果表明,诱虫烯与异构体分离良好,在质量浓度0.000 05%～0.100 00%范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.999 8;平均回收率在89.8%～101.5%之间,相对标准偏差为2.0%。该方法简便、分离效果好、准确性和重现性好,可用于诱虫烯混剂的定量检测。     

滇中东部典型岩溶区农田土壤肥力评价

云南省岩溶面积分布广,评价云南不同县域土壤肥力,可为岩溶区土壤资源的利用、改良和农业生产布局提供基础。通过对滇中、滇东岩溶区宣威、石林和砚山农耕地土壤及其剖面调查,采集土壤样品248份,测定土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质和pH,采用主成分分析(PCA)法对研究区土壤肥力进行综合评价。结果表明:宣威、石林、砚山土壤5项指标属中等变异程度,土壤剖面AB层与A层(A1和A2)土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质含量差异显著,AB层和B层土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质含量差异不显著。通过主成分分析法提取出3个主成分,反映了原信息量的82.954%,第一主成分以有机质和全氮贡献最大,第二主成分以有效磷贡献最大,第三主成分以速效钾贡献最大,土壤肥力综合得分为宣威(0.231)石林(–0.289)砚山(–0.335)。这一结果可为岩溶区土壤养分调控和发展高原特色农业提供参考依据。     

Responses of aerobically grown iron chlorosis tolerant and susceptible rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes to soil iron management in an Inceptisol

Iron deficiency is a serious nutritional disorder in aerobic rice, causing chlorosis, poor yields and reduced grain nutritional quality. The problem can be managed by complementing the use of Fe-efficient plant type with a suitable Fe management strategy. In the present paper, we report the effect of eight iron management practices to resolve the problem of iron (Fe) chlorosis through the use of an iron deficiency tolerant (IDTR) and iron deficiency susceptible (IDSR) rice genotype, i.e. Pusa 33 and ADT 39, respectively. Fe deficiency tolerance of these genotypes was related to the root release of PS which enabled a higher uptake of Fe in the IDTR than the IDSR under Fe deficiency. In general, IDTR performed better than the IDSR as evident from a significant increase in total iron, active iron, chlorophyll content and grain and straw yield. IDSR produced the highest grain and straw yield under slow iron release nano clay complex source. Grain Fe content of the IDTR and IDSR increased by 18.9 and 13.4%, respectively, under recommended dose of Fe. The results identified the most effective soil management strategies for the alleviating Fe deficiency chlorosis and improving Fe nutrition of both IDTR and IDSR genotypes.     

Fungal colonization patterns in necrotic rootstocks and stem bases of dieback‐affected Fraxinus excelsior L.

European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) trees currently face the major threat of ash dieback caused by an invasive fungus, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Collar rots in F. excelsior have been increasingly associated with infections by this pathogen. However, the aetiology of the collar rots is still unclear and remains heavily debated. In contrast to most studies of this kind, entire rootstocks of four diseased ash trees were dug out to examine necrotic tissues in these rootstocks and stem bases in detail and to sample necrotic wood for fungal isolation. With the aid of morphological and molecular identification techniques, five to twelve fungal taxa were detected per tree. Members of the Nectriaceae family and Botryosphaeria stevensii, the causal agent of stem and branch cankers on many tree species, were frequently isolated from outer xylem. In contrast, H. fraxineus was the dominating species in interior wood layers. Microsatellite genotyping of 77 H. fraxineus isolates helped to identify up to six different genotypes per tree. The role of H. fraxineus and other isolated fungi in the aetiology of ash collar rots are discussed.     

厌氧发酵牛粪对浮萍生长和养分吸收的影响

养分从牛粪到农田的循环利用是养牛场可持续发展、资源利用和环境保护的重点研究内容。利用奶牛场废水种植水生植物被认为是一种有效的废水处理及养分循环的方法。本文研究了3种浮萍[少根紫萍0128（Landoltia punctata 0128）、膨胀浮萍7589（Lemna gibba 7589）和小浮萍9517（Lemna minuta 9517）]在厌氧发酵过的奶牛场废水中种植时的养分吸收和生物质变化。在28 d的测试期间,种植在稀释比例为1：18的厌氧发酵过的牛奶场废水中的少根紫萍01283获得最高的总氮吸收率（11.6%±1.6%）,种植在稀释比例为1：27厌氧发酵过的牛奶场废水中的少根紫萍0128获得最高的总磷吸收率（15.4%±4.4%）;相应地少根紫萍鲜重的增长率分别为0.11 g·d^-1和0.17 g·d^-1。3种浮萍中,少根紫萍最具有吸收牛奶场废水氮、磷并获得较高生物质的潜力。     

大孔树脂吸附-交联法固定脂肪酶

【目的】为基于大孔树脂吸附结合环氧交联剂交联法固定脂肪酶等工业用酶奠定基础。【方法】使用大孔树脂吸附,而后环氧交联剂交联的方法进行脂肪酶的固定化,研究各因素对吸附–交联固定化的影响,并采用响应面法对固定化条件进行优化,制备固定化酶并考察其稳定性。【结果】筛选出大孔树脂HPD750为载体,聚乙二醇二缩水甘油醚为交联剂。最佳固定化条件为:吸附温度45℃,给酶量60 mg·g–1,交联温度30℃,交联时间12.5 h,pH6.36,交联剂体积分数为0.7%。由上述条件制备所得的固定化酶活力为565.31 U·g–1,酶活力回收率为32.16%。与游离酶相比,固定化酶的热稳定性和酸碱稳定性均有明显提升;连续操作10次,固定化酶活力仍保留34.86%,操作稳定性较好;4℃条件下储存30 d,固定化酶活力仍保留64.81%。【结论】大孔树脂HPD750为载体,聚乙二醇二缩水甘油醚为交联剂制备的固定化脂肪酶热稳定性、酸碱稳定性均得到显著提升,且具有良好的操作及储存稳定性。     

木薯器官及其腐解物水浸液对橡胶树白根病病菌的化感作用

本文采用菌丝生长速率法研究木薯根、茎、叶及其腐解物水浸液对橡胶树白根病病菌的化感效果。结果表明:(1)根水浸液在处理后2～5 d均呈现出显著的化感促进效果,不同浓度之间的化感效果差异不明显;叶水浸液在处理后2 d和5 d均有显著的化感促进效果,处理后3 d和4 d,仅10和100 mg/mL的叶水浸液呈现显著的化感促进效果;茎水浸液在处理后2～3 d的化感促进效果均不明显,但100 mg/mL的茎水浸液在处理后4 d和1000 mg/mL茎水浸液在处理后5 d呈现显著的化感促进效果。(2)根腐解物水浸液化感抑制效果随处理浓度的增加而增加,浓度增至200 mg/mL时差异达到显著水平;叶腐解物水浸液化感抑制作用随浓度的增加而逐渐下降,当浓度增至200 mg/mL时化感效果不明显;茎腐解物水浸液均有显著的化感抑制作用。     

Influence of rotation system on siderophere-producing microorganism(SPM) in rhizosphere soil of southern China

Soil siderophores are important for crop growth,benefit ferric iron absorption of root,and are affected by cropping patterns.The objective of this study was to evaluate the quantity of siderophores in soil of 2 continuous crop rotation patterns over 30 years in Anren country,China.Quantity and siderophore-producing capability of microorganisms in rice-riceoilseed rape(DDY)rotation and rice-rice(DD)rontinuous cropping rhizosphere soil were tested and analyzed by chrome azurol S method.Isolated strains were used to identify siderophore-producing microorganism(SPM)by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing.Results showed that 9 siderophore-producing bacteria strains were isolated from DDY rhizosphere soil while 7 strains were identified from DD rhizosphere soil.The mean solubility index which representing siderophore-producing capability of strains was 3.05.PCR amplification results indicated that bacterial were the major SPM in soil.This research indicates that crop rotation systems could drive microorganisms to produce siderophores and enrich them in bacterial communities.