Acoustic evaluation of the vertical distribution of dwarf ayu Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis in Lake Biwa

SUMMARY: The vertical distribution of dwarf ayu Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis in the pelagic waters of Lake Biwa was evaluated from June to September in 1995–97 from eight acoustic surveys using a quantitative echosounder. In each survey, echoes from a depth range of 3 m to the sea bottom were collected at a station every 2.7 s for 24 h together with measurements of vertical profiles of water temperature and chlorophyll-a. The ayu's echoes were identified using an underwater video camera. The ayu were observed near the maximum chlorophyll-a depth and above the thermocline. Their density was highest at depths of 4–11 m with 2–4 individuals/m ³ and was almost zero below 20 m. Echo signs were recorded as having a frequent duration of more than 1 h at night, whereas were of a shorter duration in the day. The fish stay in the epilimnion during the day without any clear vertical migration, but are distributed more uniformly at night. The advantages of remaining in the epilimnion are discussed in terms of food availability and predator avoidance.     

Reproduction in three species of rainbowfish (Melanotaeniidae) from rainforest streams in northern Queensland, Australia

Abstract – The reproductive biology of three species of rainbowfish (Melanotaeniidae) in northeastern Australian rainforest streams was investigated. Two species, Melanotaenia eachamensis and Cairnsichthys rhombosomoides are endemic to the area, whereas the third, M. splendida splendida, is more widespread. The species were all highly fecund, producing many hundreds of eggs between 1.10 and 1.24 mm in diameter. Melanotaenia eachamensis was the most fecund, produced the largest eggs of the three species, and consequently exhibited the greatest maternal investment (as measured by gonadosomatic index). The majority of reproductive effort occurred during the dry season, although reproductively active fish were present year-round for each of the species, but particularly so for M. s. splendida and C. rhombosomoides. No evidence for a role by temperature or photoperiod as environmental cues for reproduction was found, and it was suggested that gonad development was strongly tied to somatic growth. The concentration of reproduction to the dry season ensures that larvae are produced during a period of relatively stable and benign physical conditions. Comparison of temporal changes in gonadosomatic index values suggest that the spawning season of M. eachamensis , which occurs in high-elevation streams, is more restricted and commences about 1 month earlier than either other species. A similar phenology was observed for the M. s. splendida population found at high elevation and highlights the potential for spatial differences in stream productivity to influence life history. ^Note     

基于工作流的ERP系统重构的研究

分析了企业现有ERP系统运营存在的缺陷，提出了适合本企业的基于工作流的ERP系统重构的开发方案。     

我国人工湿地研究文献统计分析

以文献计量学方法,统计分析了1989～2005年间清华同方光盘股份有限公司的《中国期刊全文数据库》与重庆维普资讯有限公司的《中文科技期刊数据库》中收录的人工湿地研究文献,以期为人工湿地研究者提供参考。共检索到文献495篇,其中署名文献482篇,这些文章分布在全国210种期刊中。第一作者共339人,其中核心作者（发表文章不低于4篇者）21人,他们发表文章占文献总量的20％。     

立式金属油罐容量检定中的几个问题

针对JJG168-87计量规程在实际使用中的缺陷，对罐壁圈板径向偏差测量位置的确定，油罐充满油品后直径增大值的修正等问题，提出了具体的解决方法。     

Scale-dependent habitat use in three species of prairie wetland birds

We evaluated the influence of scale on habitat use for three wetland-obligate bird species with divergent life history characteristics and possible scale-dependent criteria for nesting and foraging in South Dakota, USA. A stratified, two-stage cluster sample was used to randomly select survey wetlands within strata defined by region, wetland density, and wetland surface area. We used 18-m (0.1 ha) fixed radius circular-plots to survey birds in 412 semipermanent wetlands during the summers of 1995 and 1996. Variation in habitat use by pied-billed grebes (Podilymbus podiceps) and yellow-headed blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus), two sedentary species that rarely exploit resources outside the vicinity of nest wetlands, was explained solely by within-patch variation. Yellow-headed blackbirds were a cosmopolitan species that commonly nested in small wetlands, whereas pied-billed grebes were an area-sensitive species that used larger wetlands regardless of landscape pattern. Area requirements for black terns (Chlidonias niger), a vagile species that typically forages up to 4 km away from the nest wetland, fluctuated in response to landscape structure. Black tern area requirements were small (6.5 ha) in heterogeneous landscapes compared to those in homogeneous landscapes (15.4–32.6 ha). Low wetland density landscapes composed of small wetlands, where few nesting wetlands occurred and potential food sources were spread over large distances, were not widely used by black terns. Landscape-level measurements related to black tern occurrence extended past relationships between wetlands into the surrounding matrix. Black terns were more likely to occur in landscapes where grasslands had not been tilled for agricultural production. Our findings represent empirical evidence that characteristics of entire landscapes, rather than individual patches, must be quantified to assess habitat suitability for wide-ranging species that use resources over large areas.     

Prediction of irrigation return flows through a hierarchical modeling approach

The quantity of water available for irrigation is getting scarce in many countries and it assumes great importance for assured crop production, especially in view of the erratic behavior of the monsoon. Thus, there is a pressing need to improve the water efficiency of irrigation systems. One-way of improving the efficiency of the irrigation system is reusing the return flow from the irrigation system. This task requires quantification of return flow, which still remains as a grey area in irrigation water management. The estimation of return flow from the irrigation system is usually obtained using thumb rules depending upon the site-specific conditions like command area conditions and soil properties. In this paper, a hierarchical modeling technique, namely, regression tree is developed for return flow estimation. Regression tree is built through binary recursive partitioning. The effective rainfall, inflow, consumptive water demand, and percolation loss are taken as predictor variables and return flow is treated as the target variable. The applicability of the hierarchical model is demonstrated through a case study of Periyar-Vaigai Irrigation System in Tamil Nadu, India. The model performance shows a good match between the simulated and the field measured return flow values. Results of statistical analysis indicated that the correlation coefficients are high for both single as well as double crop seasons.     

大网目底拖网在稳定流场中的数值模拟

通过有限单元法构建大网目底拖网渔具的数学模型,以计算在定常流条件下底拖网渔具的受力情况、网口扩张和渔具的形态变化.为了提高计算效率,提出了适用于拖网的网目群化方法.群化后的拖网模型为单元数6513的model-1模型和单元数1787的model-2模型两种规格,分别进行数值计算,并与水槽物理模型试验结果进行比较.结果表...     

管壁特性与摩阻关系

对憎液表面的水力摩阻特性进行了试验研究,实验中憎液表面材料采用聚四氟乙烯,试验工质采用水和7号机械油。试验结果表明,内衬聚四氟乙烯管较普通钢管具有一定的减阻效果,对工质水而言,其减阻效果大约为12％,对7号机械油而言,其减阻效果为6％左右,减阻效果取决于壁面材料对介质的憎液程度,即聚四氟乙烯对水的憎液性能比对7号机械油的好。通过对憎液表面流动机理的理论分析表明,表面经憎液处理后,由于降低了表面能级,使得固壁对液体分子的吸引力小于液体分子间的吸引力,壁面部分流体产生滑移现象,从而达到了一定的减阻效果。     

以企业为主体的农业技术服务模式的创新及理论探讨

农业技术服务是农业产业化发展的重要动力,对于“商品型农业技术”而言,企业是最优的推广主体。本研究以蛛网模型为理论基础,分析了以企业为主体的农业技术服务模式,并在此基础上提出了由货物流、信息流、资金流和技术流组成的新型“商品型农业技术”服务模式,在该模式中引入了由诸多农户自发选择的具有法律效力的利益代表———“农户代理”,以加强企业与农户之间的垂直协作关系;并针对目前企业与农户双方均普遍存在毁约行为,提出了通过“信用证”的方式运作资金,使企业与农户之间的关系类似于“贴牌生产”(OEM)。还呼吁通过各种金融与法律制度,引导企业加强与农户之间的垂直协作关系,以减少企业“商品型农业技术”供给对价格的弹性,进而提高企业对农户技术服务的质量。