Developments in soil microbiology since the mid 1960s

Since the 1960s, soil microbiology underwent major changes in methods and approaches and this review focuses on the developments in some selected aspects of soil microbiology. Research in cell numbers of specific bacterial and fungal groups was replaced by a focus on biochemical processes including soil enzyme activities, and flux measurements of carbon and nutrients. Ecologists focused on soil microbial pools whereas soil microbial biomass as an important source and sink of nutrients were recognized in agriculture. Soil microbiologists started to use structural components like phospholipid fatty acids for quantification of specific microbial groups without the need to cultivate them. In the last decade, molecular approaches allowed new insights through the analysis of soil extract DNA showing an unexpected diversity of genomes in soil. At the end of the review a brief outlook is given on the future of soil microbiology which ranges from in situ identification of bacteria, to routine assays of microbial communities by microarray technology.     

地衣芽孢杆菌对发酵床饲养仔猪生长性能、消化酶活性及肠道主要菌群数量的影响

本试验旨在研究发酵床饲养模式下日粮中添加地衣芽孢杆菌对仔猪生长性能、胰腺和小肠黏膜消化酶活性及肠道主要菌群数量的影响。选用108头体重13kg左右的35日龄健康苏钟猪,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复12头,分别饲喂基础日粮(对照组)、基础日粮+40mg/kg杆菌肽锌+20mg/kg硫酸黏杆菌素(抗生素组)、基础日粮+300mg/kg地衣芽孢杆菌(益生菌组)的试验日粮。预试期7d,正试期52d。结果表明:1与对照组相比,日粮中添加地衣芽孢杆菌能够在一定程度上提高仔猪平均日增重、平均日采食量,降低料重比,但各组间差异均不显著(P0.05)。2与对照组相比,日粮中添加地衣芽孢杆菌能够极显著提高仔猪胰腺中淀粉酶活性、十二指肠黏膜中麦芽糖酶活性和空肠黏膜中乳糖酶活性(P0.01),十二指肠黏膜和空肠黏膜中蔗糖酶活性显著提高(P0.05)。3与对照组相比,日粮中添加地衣芽孢杆菌能够显著提高仔猪盲肠芽孢杆菌数量(P0.05);乳酸杆菌数量较对照组提高4.09%,大肠杆菌数量较对照组降低4.86%,但均未达到显著水平(P0.05)。综上所述,在本试验条件下,日粮中添加300mg/kg地衣芽孢杆菌能够提高发酵床饲养仔猪胰腺、小肠黏膜消化酶活性及盲肠芽孢杆菌数量,同时仔猪生长性能也在一定程度上有所改善。     

不同贮藏温度下猪肉货架期预测模型建立

为探讨不同贮藏温度对猪肉中生物胺含量影响并建立货架期预测模型,将猪肉背最长肌分别贮藏于-3、4及10℃条件下,在0、4、8、12、16、20、24、32、40、48 d测定样品中细菌总数(TVC)、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)及生物胺含量,利用阿伦尼乌斯(Arrhenius)方程,建立预测猪肉货架期动力学模型。结果表明,随贮藏时间延长,猪肉中TVC,TVB-N、腐胺、酪胺、总生物胺含量增加。利用Arrhenius方程构建生物胺总量与贮藏温度、贮藏时间之间动力学模型相对误差在10%以内。试验表明,该模型可在-3~10℃范围内对猪肉货架期准确预测,为猪肉包装贮藏及流通智能化预测提供理论依据。     

电子束辐照对小麦储藏抑菌及加工品质的影响

该文研究了不同剂量电子束辐照对储藏小麦微生物菌落的抑制作用,以及辐照后对小麦主要储藏指标与加工品质的影响。试验结果表明,电子束辐照对储藏小麦菌落总数有明显的抑制作用（P＜0.01）,且辐照剂量越高菌落总数越低;不同剂量辐照后,对所有霉菌属的抑制效果均达极显著水平（P＜0.01）。经0～5.1 kGy剂量辐照后,小麦感官及基本营养成分没有太大变化;面团流变学特性表明,除稳定时间和断裂时间随着剂量的增加略增外,评价值与弱化度呈负相关,其他吸水率、形成时间的变化并不十分明显;但高剂量照射使其面筋指数、α-淀粉酶活性迅速降低,经5.1 kGy剂量辐照的比未经辐照的小麦降落数值下降了56.12%。馒头制品品尝评分也随着辐照剂量的增大而降低。     

A Study Transient on Predictive Calculation Method of on Underground Ventilation Network

The authors developed a computer program of transient predictive calculation method on underground ventilation network. The program approximated a field data set of seasonal cyclic changes of air Temperature and humidity at the inlet to the sine curves, and included sensible heat conduction from rock to air current. The temperature of rock around and airway was calculated by finite difference method. The prediction method can be used to calculate the variation of flow rates, temperatures and humidities of air flow in the airways along underground network.     

不同氮素水平下生物菌肥施用效果研究

通过盆栽玉米试验,研究生物菌肥在不同土壤氮素水平下对土壤生物量氮、细菌等各菌群数量及玉米地上部分株高、叶面积等的影响,结果表明:在高、中、低氮素水平下,加菌肥比不加菌肥处理的土壤固氮菌、磷细菌、细菌、放线菌、真菌、生物量氮等都有明显提高,而且在中氮水平下更为显著,氮素水平过高或过低均不利于菌肥肥效的发挥。     

食品微生物学实验课教学改革初探

根据学校特点和食品微生物学实验课程的需要,为培养学生实际操作能力、创新能力以及综合能力,从实验大纲、教学方式和考核方式几个方面提出了食品微生物学实验教学改革的思路和建议。     

基于模型预测控制的农机主从跟随作业控制方法

针对实际环境中由于农业机械（简称农机）作业过程的作业量以及土壤条件的变化等不确定性因素的影响,导致协同作业跟随农机的行驶工况不稳定、跟随协同作业响应慢、控制困难等问题,在综合考虑不确定性以及响应性能的基础上,提出了一种农机跟随分层控制架构,搭建农机田间作业下的纵向跟随动力学模型,并以间距保持、速度跟随、燃油经济性、加速度跟随性能为目标,进行基于模型预测控制（MPC）算法的上层控制器推导,基于前馈以及PI反馈的控制器作为下层控制,以上层控制器获得的控制加速度为目标,进行力矩（电流）跟踪,在保证抗不确定性以及干扰噪声的同时,提高跟随农机的响应能力。通过Matlab/Simulink仿真和田间试验验证,结果表明,该控制方法可以有效解决农机作业的跟随控制问题,与滑模变结构控制器相比,能够实现稳定跟随行驶,且速度误差和加速度误差更小,速度误差控制在-0.29132~0.18001m/s,加速度误差控制在-0.05678~0.05628m/s2,稳定跟随距离误差为±0.45m,具有良好的跟随效果。     

Genomic Prediction of Arsenic Tolerance and Grain Yield in Rice: Contribution of Trait-Specific Markers and Multi-Environment Models

Many rice-growing areas are affected by high concentrations of arsenic(As). Rice varieties that prevent As uptake and/or accumulation can mitigate As threats to human health. Genomic selection is known to facilitate rapid selection of superior genotypes for complex traits. We explored the predictive ability(PA) of genomic prediction with single-environment models, accounting or not for trait-specific markers, multi-environment models, and multi-trait and multi-environment models, using the genotypic(1600 K SNPs) and phenotypic(grain As content, grain yield and days to flowering) data of the Bengal and Assam Aus Panel. Under the base-line single-environment model, PA of up to 0.707 and 0.654 was obtained for grain yield and grain As content, respectively; the three prediction methods(Bayesian Lasso, genomic best linear unbiased prediction and reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces) were considered to perform similarly, and marker selection based on linkage disequilibrium allowed to reduce the number of SNP to 17 K, without negative effect on PA of genomic predictions. Single-environment models giving distinct weight to trait-specific markers in the genomic relationship matrix outperformed the base-line models up to 32%. Multi-environment models, accounting for genotype × environment interactions, and multi-trait and multi-environment models outperformed the base-line models by up to 47% and 61%, respectively. Among the multi-trait and multi-environment models, the Bayesian multi-output regressor stacking function obtained the highest predictive ability(0.831 for grain As) with much higher efficiency for computing time. These findings pave the way for breeding for As-tolerance in the progenies of biparental crosses involving members of the Bengal and Assam Aus Panel. Genomic prediction can also be applied to breeding for other complex traits under multiple environments.     

竹材木质素选择性降解菌株的分子鉴定

鉴定1株从腐竹中筛选的高效选择性降解竹材木质素的优良菌株ZNLD-18,为生物法提取可纺性竹原纤维奠定基础。利用真菌通用引物ITS1和ITS4扩增并测定菌株的rDNA ITS区序列,序列总长541bp。把所得序列在GenBank中进行B1ast搜索得到同源性较高的同属不同种菌株序列。比较这些序列的遗传距离,显示菌株ZNL D～18与Trametes versicolor的ITS区序列同源性为99％以上。利用PAUP软件构建分子系统发育树,通过对该树的分析并综合菌株的形态特征,鉴定菌株ZNLD-18为白腐菌Trametes versicolor。