Large‐scale patterns of fish diversity and assemblage structure in the longest tropical river in Asia

Although the Mekong River is one of the world's 35 biodiversity hot spots, the large‐scale patterns of fish diversity and assemblage structure remain poorly addressed. This study aimed to investigate the fish distribution patterns in the Lower Mekong River (LMR) and to identify their environmental determinants. Daily fish catch data (i.e. from December 2000 to November 2001) at 38 sites distributed along the LMR were related to 15 physicochemical and 19 climatic variables. As a result, four different clusters were defined according to the similarity in assemblage composition and 80 indicator species were identified. While fish species richness was highest in the Mekong delta and lowest in the upper part of the LMR, the diversity index was highest in the middle part of the LMR and lowest in the delta. We found that fish assemblages changed along the environmental gradients and that the main drivers affecting the fish assemblage structure were the seasonal variation of temperature, precipitation, dissolved oxygen, pH and total phosphorus. Specifically, upstream assemblages were characterised by cyprinids and Pangasius catfish, well suited to low temperature, high dissolved oxygen and high pH. Fish assemblages in the delta were dominated by perch‐like fish and clupeids, more tolerant to high temperatures, and high levels of nutrients (nitrates and total phosphorus) and salinity. Overall, the patterns were consistent between seasons. Our study contributes to establishing the first holistic fish community study in the LMR.     

沙黄松选择增益结构模式初步研究

采用沙黄松天然林自由授粉家系７年生树干材积的材料，分析了联合选择遗传增益结构模式。结果表明：亚群体间存在极显著差异，亚群体内家系间差异不显著；联合选择增益结构模式为亚群体间７２．４４％、亚群体内家系间３．５５％、单株间２４．０１％。     

菲律宾以稻为基础的种植制度生态学评价 Ⅰ.各类种植方式的养分平衡

在菲律宾的雨养旱地、雨养低地和灌溉田种植制度研究基点上,分别对各种农民和拟推广的实验种植方式,进行了生物量及其组成、作物分器官的 C、N、P、K 含量与分布比率、作物残茬燃烧后 C、N、P、K 损失测定。从添加与取走两个方面,分三种添加与取走情况,计算了土壤N、P、K 的部分养分平衡与有机质平衡。结果显示:在当地施肥水平下,即使归还全部残茬,很难维持 N、P、K 的养分平衡,但能较好满足土壤有机质平衡。为维持土壤有机质的年平衡,雨养低地和雨养旱地需分别归还1400和1900公斤生物物质/公顷.年。并对当地维持养分平衡的途径作了分析与探讨。     

Mangroves as indicators of coastal change

In view of the unique biological characteristics of mangroves, it is interesting to assess the extent to which these ecosystems can be used as indicators of coastal change or sea-level rise. From recent studies of mangrove mortality at several locations (including Guiana, Gambia, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, India and Bangladesh), it appears that these coastal ecosystems are so specialized that any minor variation in their hydrological or tidal regimes causes noticeable mortality. Each species of mangrove (but particularly those belonging to the genera Rhizophora, Bruguiera, Sonneratia, Heritiera and Nypa) occurs in ecological conditions that approach its limit of tolerance with regard to salinity of the water and soil, as well as the inundation regime. If the duration of daily immersion were to be modified by tectonic, sedimentological or hydrological events, the species either readjusts to the new conditions or succumbs to unsuitable conditions. Consequently, the use of remote sensing data for mangrove ecosystems offers excellent potential as a tool for monitoring coastal change.     

母猪卧向行为学的观察

本文通过2个试验对母猪在分娩圈和分娩栏中的卧向行为进行了观察,试验一中, 选择10头大白(Yorkshire)经产母猪作为观察对象,试验二中分别选择10头大白(Yorkshire) 经产母猪和10头长白(Landrace)经产母猪作为观察对象。观察采用瞬时记录方法,每周观察 三次,隔日观察,每天上午、下午各观察一次,每次3 h,每次观察间隔5 min。观察中发现,母猪 卧向以向外为主。分娩栏(四周是栏杆)中的母猪以选择卧向外(向北)为主,其次是卧向内(向 南),卧向左和卧向右最少且差异不显著,上栏前和下栏后差异不显著。分娩圈(四周是墙壁)中 母猪以选择卧向外为主,卧向内最少,卧向左和卧向右差异不显著。长白母猪比大白母猪选择 卧向外的多,妊娠阶段比哺乳阶段选择卧向外的多。     

记录小麦SSR带型的快捷方法

针对小麦SSR带型识别和记录中因带纹繁多和分布复杂而造成带纹判读和记录困难的特点,提出了根据每对SSR引物生成带型间的差别直接对带型进行编号,以有效简化小麦SSR带型的记录方法。该方法避免了由于错误判断引起的实验误差,并可利用每个品种的带型编号,建立品种的DNA指纹以及进行品种基因型比对。     

毛竹/杉木层积复合材弯曲与剪切破坏的微观形变过程

利用扫描电镜在位拉伸方法(ISL-SEM),研究了毛竹/杉木层积复合材在受到外力作用下3点弯曲和剪切破坏的微观形变过程;结合扫描电镜所观测的形貌图,分析了该情况下层积材的典型破坏规律;总结了气干和水湿处理后,竹杉层积复合材剪切破坏模式以及气干条件下弯曲破坏模式。     

城市绿地空间格局与其功能研究进展

本文对城市绿地空间格局与功能研究进展进行综述,从城市绿地空间格局、城市绿地空间格局与功能关系两方面阐述城市绿地研究现状。提出目前研究存在的问题和今后研究方向。     

山东冬季气温变化的气候特征和分型

选用山东省80个代表站1961～2005年12、1、2月平均气温资料,利用统计学方法,探讨冬季气温的分布类型和变化特征。结果显示,气温变化存在3种基本空间分布类型,其中总体一致性暖(冷)型是主要分布类型,概率高于80%,其中严重/异常偏暖年份都发生在20世纪90年代以后,严重/异常偏冷年份则发生在80年代中期之前。另外两种类型东暖(冷)西暖(冷)型、南暖(冷)北暖(冷)型也偶有出现,但未达到异常标准。冬季及各月标准化气温第1主成分年际变化线性增温趋势显著,在不同年代存在2～6a的准周期变化。     

暴雨条件下灌木对边坡稳定性的影响模拟试验

[目的]研究暴雨条件下不同灌木种植模式对不同坡度边坡的固坡效应,探索灌木固坡发挥效用的临界坡度,为生态工程措施在山地灾害防治中的应用提供科学依据.[方法]通过制作灌木模型开展室内降雨试验,探究4种坡度(20°,35°,50°,60°)条件下4种灌木种植模式(稀植、适中种植、密植、裸坡)对边坡稳定性的影响,并利用考虑灌木...