小尾寒羊胚胎不同时期背最长肌的组织学研究

[目的]利用组织生物学方法对不同时期小尾寒羊背最长肌进行研究。[方法]以小尾寒羊为研究对象,利用组织切片技术从微观层面研究胚胎期不同阶段肌纤维生长发育的变化情况。[结果]肌纤维的密度随着时间的增长呈现下降的趋势,而肌纤维直径随着密度的降低而增加。胚胎前期胎儿增重不明显,而胚胎后期及出生后体重迅速增加,差异显著。[结论]该研究可为开展优质肉羊杂交育种工作积累基础性数据。     

中草药添加剂对生长肥育猪横纹肌肌纤维特性及肉质的影响

 选用20 kg左右的“杜长大”三元杂交猪80头,随机分成对照组、试验组,测定添加中草药添加剂对横纹肌肌纤维特性和肉质品质的影响。结果表明,试验组的大理石纹评分比对照组提高了23.33%（P＜0.01）、肌间脂肪的含量增加了52.77%（P＜0.01）、嫩度改善了13.53%（P＜0.05）;而失水率、贮存损失分别降低了5.03%（P＜0.05）和20.35%（P＜0.05）.试验猪的肌纤维直径比对照组降低了7.98%(P＜0.05)、而密度增加了4.70%(P＜0.05).结果提示,添加中草药添加剂对肉质的改善的作用与横纹肌肌纤维直径的减少、肌间脂肪含量的增加有关。     

Comparative study of the characteristics of the carcass and the meat of the Chato Murciano pig and its cross with Iberian pig, reared indoors

The Chato Murciano pig is a breed catalogued as a Special Protection breed in danger of extinction. At present it is commonly reared in an intensive system. We have studied the mineral composition and other characteristics of its carcass and meat. Samples from the Musculus longissimus lumborum were taken from a total number of 43 animals, divided into two groups, Chato Murciano and Chato Murciano crossed with Iberian, reared in a conventional indoor system. The resulting meat of the Chato Murciano pig and its cross with Iberian was especially rich in iron and copper, rich in phosphorus, and marginally poor in calcium and sodium. The evolution of the pH of the carcass was that of pigs which do not produce PSE (pale, soft and exudative) meat. Some relevant positive correlation coefficients between minerals (P ≤ 0.05) have been found.     

Whole Genome Methylation Variation Analysis of Longissimus Dorsi Between Tan Sheep and Hu Sheep

It aimed to identify the differential methylation region (DMR) and differential methylation gene (DMG) through the analysis of the genome-wide methylation difference of the longest muscle of the sheep's back of different breeds of sheep,and laid the foundation for the analysis of the differences in sheep skeletal muscle development.In this study,one-year-old sheep(Tan sheep and Hu sheep and Tan-Hu F2) were sanned by the whole genome bisulfite sequencing method(WGBS).The degree of methylation and differentially methylated region in the whole genome DNA of longissimus dorsi(LD) muscle were studied to explore the difference of DNA methylation in level in sheep.The results showed that the methylation (mC) rates of cytosine (C) were 3.55%,3.18% and 3.56% in Tan sheep,Hu sheep and Tan-Hu F2,respectively.A total of 97 731 DMRs and 10 784 related DMGs were detected.In CG,CHH and CHG sequences,the methylation levels of the three groups were not significantly different.419 GO terms and 20 related signal pathways were detected by GO and KEGG analysis,respectively,which were showed to be significantly enriched in cellular process,cell part,binding,long-term depression,and so on.Five candidate genes,ACTA2、ROCK1、CALD1、MYH3 and MYH10 were sreened out in muscle tissues.This study provided genome-wide methylation of pattern of three groups (Tan sheep and Hu sheep and Tan-Hu F2).The results provided reference information for the epigenetic study of Tan sheep and screened candidate genes related to muscle development and meat quality.     

三峡水库小江流域常见鱼类肌肉碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征

为探究三峡水库小江流域常见草食性、浮游生物食性、肉食性和杂食性鱼类肌肉的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量特征,2018年1月(枯水期)和7月(丰水期)在小江流域7个设定断面,采集4种食性的14种鱼类样品,测定其生长特性指标,分析鱼类肌肉C、N、P生态化学计量特征及相关性。结果表明,鱼类肌肉C、N、P元素含量为34.75%～58.71%、7.00%～15.45%、0.89%～8.21%,C:N、C:P和N:P为3.62～9.75、16.92～136.95、2.14～35.31,其中磷元素含量变化最大且是导致N:P变化的主要原因。小江流域不同食性鱼类肌肉元素组成差异不明显,其中仅草食性鱼类、浮游生物食性鱼类的N含量和N:P显著大于肉食性鱼类和杂食性鱼类(P<0.05),其他元素及比例在各食性鱼类之间均无显著性差异(P>0.05);不同采样断面的鱼类肌肉元素含量及比例无显著性差异(P<0.05);相关性分析发现,小江流域鱼类肌肉N和P含量呈负相关关系(P<0.05),除草食性外,各食性鱼类的N含量均与水体NO^-₃-N...     

肉食家畜不同部位肌肉组分及其系水力的比较性研究

本试验选用猪、牛和羊的躯干肌肉腰大肌及背最长肌和面部肌肉咬肌为样品,进行肌浆蛋白的电泳分析,测定了系水力、羟脯氨酸、肌红蛋白、脂肪、水分和氮的含量。结果表明:不同部位肌肉组分和系水力差异明显,咬肌肌浆蛋白电泳带与腰大肌和背最长肌差异显著,前者的系水力亦远高于后两者(P<0.01)。咬肌还具有肌红蛋白含量高(猪和牛P<0.01;羊P<0.05),羟脯氨酸、水分含量多(P<0.01)的特征,作者认为肌肉肌浆蛋白与其系水力关系密切,咬肌主要是由红肌纤维组成,此类肌肉具有较好的保水性能。     

亮氨酸调节哺乳动物骨骼肌蛋白质合成的研究进展

本文综述了亮氨酸处理对哺乳动物(主要是鼠和猪)骨骼肌及其细胞蛋白质合成的影响规律,并分析讨论了这一过程中亮氨酸的作用机制.近年来,大量的体内和体外试验研究表明,长期或短期高剂量的亮氨酸处理能够刺激哺乳动物骨骼肌内蛋白质的合成,而这不仅仅是由于亮氨酸可以为骨骼肌蛋白质合成提供能量和基质,还由于其可以调节骨骼肌细胞内与蛋白...     

miR-27a和miR-378在中外猪种背最长肌中的差异表达研究

为了研究miRNA表达量与肉质风味表型指标的相关性,试验采用荧光定量PCR技术(Q-PCR)检测了4个猪种背最长肌中miR-27a和miR-378的差异表达。结果表明:背最长肌组织中2种miRNA的表达水平在4个猪种中趋于一致。相关性分析显示,2种miRNA在背最长肌中的表达水平与肌内脂肪含量和硫胺素含量呈正相关,与肌纤维直径、眼肌面积和瘦肉率呈负相关。表明miR-27a和miR-378对猪肉品质具有正调控作用,而对猪胴体品质具有负调控作用。该研究可为阐明miRNA在猪肌肉生长和脂肪沉积过程中的调控机制提供基础数据。     

Vegetation-type effects on performance and meat quality of growing Engadine and Valaisian Black Nose sheep grazing alpine pastures

Lambs of two Swiss mountain breeds, Engadine Sheep (ES; n=55) and Valaisian Black Nose Sheep (VS; n=55), were fattened in 2010 and 2011 on one lowland and three alpine pastures. Groups of six to seven lambs per breed were allocated to pastures of a size allowing ad libitum intake on the following four vegetation types: (i) species-poor and nutrient-rich lowland (400 m a.s.l.) ryegrass–clover ley on flat terrain (‘lowland-rich’); (ii) alpine, species-rich and nutrient-rich vegetation type on a flat terrain (1950 m; ‘alpine-rich’); (iii) alpine, species-rich vegetation type, moderate in nutrients on steep terrain (2150 m; ‘alpine-moderate’); and (iv) alpine, species-rich and nutrient-poor vegetation type on steep terrain (2150 m; ‘alpine-poor’). Lambs were slaughtered after 9 weeks of grazing in a commercial slaughterhouse. Carcasses were subjected to the Swiss CH-TAX classification grid. Meat quality was analysed on the Musculus longissimus dorsi (LD) in the segment of Musculus longissimus lumborum. Forage quality varied among vegetation types as anticipated. Across all sites, ES were superior (P<0.001) to VS in dressing percentage (43.9 vs. 38.4), carcass weight (18.4 vs. 16.4 kg), meat conformation and fat cover scores, even though daily gains had been lower (105 vs. 122 g/d; P<0.05). Meat of ES contained more dry matter, protein, total ash (P<0.001) and fat (P<0.05). Their meat was darker and more intensive red, had lower cooking losses (23.0 vs. 25.1%) but was less tender (65.6 vs. 58.1 N) compared to VS (P<0.001). Vegetation types offering good quality forage (lowland-rich and alpine-rich) enhanced average daily gains, dressing percentage, meat conformation and fat cover scores (mostly P<0.05 against alpine-moderate and -poor). Similarly, a higher vegetation quality promoted a higher intramuscular fat and lower cooking losses. Meat from lowland-rich was darkest and had the lowest shear force (P<0.05). Almost no breed×site interactions occurred in growth performance as well as carcass and meat quality. It was therefore concluded that both breeds are similarly well adapted to the extensive pasture production system in alpine regions. Still, ES seem to be the more efficient one of the two sheep breeds. The results also indicate that growth performance and meat quality clearly vary between vegetation types in animals grazing alpine pastures.