Scale-dependent habitat use in three species of prairie wetland birds

We evaluated the influence of scale on habitat use for three wetland-obligate bird species with divergent life history characteristics and possible scale-dependent criteria for nesting and foraging in South Dakota, USA. A stratified, two-stage cluster sample was used to randomly select survey wetlands within strata defined by region, wetland density, and wetland surface area. We used 18-m (0.1 ha) fixed radius circular-plots to survey birds in 412 semipermanent wetlands during the summers of 1995 and 1996. Variation in habitat use by pied-billed grebes (Podilymbus podiceps) and yellow-headed blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus), two sedentary species that rarely exploit resources outside the vicinity of nest wetlands, was explained solely by within-patch variation. Yellow-headed blackbirds were a cosmopolitan species that commonly nested in small wetlands, whereas pied-billed grebes were an area-sensitive species that used larger wetlands regardless of landscape pattern. Area requirements for black terns (Chlidonias niger), a vagile species that typically forages up to 4 km away from the nest wetland, fluctuated in response to landscape structure. Black tern area requirements were small (6.5 ha) in heterogeneous landscapes compared to those in homogeneous landscapes (15.4–32.6 ha). Low wetland density landscapes composed of small wetlands, where few nesting wetlands occurred and potential food sources were spread over large distances, were not widely used by black terns. Landscape-level measurements related to black tern occurrence extended past relationships between wetlands into the surrounding matrix. Black terns were more likely to occur in landscapes where grasslands had not been tilled for agricultural production. Our findings represent empirical evidence that characteristics of entire landscapes, rather than individual patches, must be quantified to assess habitat suitability for wide-ranging species that use resources over large areas.     

道路景观设计方法探讨

提出对道路景观的规划、调查、定位等系统分析,从而在道路的形态、周边环境的借景及路域生态系统的景观绿化等方面,探讨了道路景观设计的方法。     

乡村景观格局热效应研究

利用Quickbird和ETM影像对浙江省绍兴县北部平原220 km2区域内50个村庄景观格局热效应进行了研究。通过环境亮温与建筑、水体、草地、林地、绿地(草地＋林地)5种地类斑块共45个景观指数间的数量关系分析,结果表明:各景观指数与环境亮温间具有良好的线性关系;众多景观指数可分为密度类指数、覆盖率类指数、形状指数、核心区规模指数、100 m缓冲区相关指数、其它指数6类,其中优势斑块和景观总体的密度类指数、覆盖率类指数是环境亮温的主要作用因子;有关建筑斑块及核心区景观总体规模的指数(建筑的覆盖率、块均面积、聚合度,核心区的总面积、总周长、总块均面积)与环境亮温为正相关关系,其它多为负相关,因此建成区规模较小、各地类以众多小斑块均匀分布、建筑覆盖率低且形状狭长的村庄更有助于环境降温。建立了4个亮温预测模型(Ra2>0.9),筛选出相应的亮温预测及调控因子组;在核心区,环境亮温的单因子拟合效果欠佳,景观格局结构指数的作用不能忽略,结构指数对亮温的作用贡献约占总量的25%。     

NATURAL LANDSCAPES AND STRATEGIES OF REGIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN EBINUR LAKE REGION IN XINJIANG

m0uurn0NTheecologicalintegrityOfallworidisdependedonourcomPrehensi0nandrepetOthestrUctUre,fonchonandchangsOflandscaPe.However,dwtngndalPrachcePr0Cess,theunmpdeveloPmenandmaremadediswtanceusuallycausethetwadationofenvironmenquality,andalsocausethech~soforiginalcharacteriSticsoflandscare.TheObjechveofthisstudyistorebulltaho-.mogeruzelandscapeStrUctUreandanimProvedecologicalenvironnent.Ebinurlakeregion(includeEbinurlake--thesecondlargestlakeinXinjiang)locatesinBortalaMongOliaAutonomousS…     

景观空间异质性对生态系统服务的影响

景观空间异质性是一个景观生态学的概念,其会对生态系统服务产生巨大影响,而生态系统服务会随着景观格局的改变而改变。景观空间异质性可划分为景观组成异质性与景观构型异质性。这两方面对生态系统服务的影响机制和内容有所不同。目前很多学者都是对“景观格局—生态系统服务对应关系,或者生态系统过程—生态系统服务对应关系”进行研究,缺乏将景观格局、生态系统过程与生态系统服务三者结合起来,并关注三者变化与相互关系的研究。关于景观异质性是通过何种途径影响生态系统服务的,目前的研究还不够深入。通过总结国内外的有关文献,简述景观空间异质性是如何通过直接和间接作用影响生态系统服务,以期为提高生态系统服务、实现可持续发展以及制定生态保护政策提供科学依据。     

基于高分辨率卫星图像的深圳特区市政绿地结构特征分析

基于“Quickbird”卫星遥感数据对深圳特区市级公园及市政道路绿地现状进行判读,并结合实地调查数据进行比较分析。结果表明,判读结果与实地调查数据相符程度较高,尤其是面积相对较大的公园绿地;对于以乔木为主的分车道绿地,由于判读为覆盖面积,与调查面积出现一定差异;深圳市市政公园绿地中乔灌草所占比例最大,其次为乔草和草坪;市政道路绿地与公园绿地相比,乔木、乔草、灌草、灌木类型比例均有所上升,草坪面积大幅减少,乔灌草复合结构依然占绝对优势。     

民国时期美术教育发展模式研究分析

从1911年至1949年,中国近代美术教育是在初期的社团、师范学堂、私立、公立美术教育的基础上,形成了后期的国统区与延安鲁艺的美术教育,教育理念借鉴与效法“新式”、“兼容并包”、“通才”、“理论和实践相结合”的人才培养模式。     

游动分割窗技术在景观界面影响域判定中的应用——以牛枝子-黑沙蒿群落界面为例

采用样带法,以毛乌素沙地南缘牛枝子Lespedeza potaninii-黑沙蒿Artemisia ordosica群落界面为研究对象。以样带上样地间的平方欧氏距离系数为指标,采用游动分割窗技术判定了牛枝子-黑沙蒿群落界面的位置和宽度。结果表明:当分割窗体大小在4个和6个样地单位时,曲线波动大,干扰了界面的判定。而最小窗体大小为8个时,能很好地进行界面的判定。样带A和样带B在样地20~25都出现了波峰。游动分割窗技术是景观界面影响域判定和群落划分的有效方法,并在小尺度研究中能够较好地解释群落水平界面的边界和宽度。     

The stadium effect: rodent damage patterns in rice fields explored using giving‐up densities

Rodents are globally important pre‐harvest pests of rice. In Southeast Asia, rodent damage to growing rice crops is commonly concentrated towards the center of rice fields, away from the field edge, resulting in a clear pattern known as the “stadium effect.” To further understand this behavior of rodent pests and to develop recommendations for future research and management, we examined the relation between giving‐up densities (GUDs) and damage patterns. In Tanay, Luzon, Philippines, GUD trays containing pieces of coconut in a matrix of sand were placed at 4 different distances from the field edge to quantify the perceived risk of predation in a rice field pest, Rattus tanezumi. GUDs were recorded during a dry and wet season crop at the reproductive and ripening stages of rice. In addition, assessments of active burrows, tracking tile activity and rodent damage to the rice crop, were conducted in the dry season. GUDs were significantly lower in the center of the rice fields than on the field edges, suggesting that rodent damage to rice is greater in the middle of rice fields due to a lower perceived predation risk. Furthermore, this perception of predation risk (or fear) increases towards the field edge and was greatest on the rice bund, where there was no vegetation cover. We discuss the implications for rodent management and rodent damage assessments in rice fields. This is the first documented use of GUDs in a rice agro‐ecosystem in Asia; thus we identify the challenges and lessons learned through this process.     

草地景观视觉效果的定量评价研究--以日本北海道士幌新建草地为例

采用SD法(Semantic Differential Method)定量评价了居民对不同草地景观类型的主观印象.结果表明,评价者知识结构及经历的不同对评价结果有很大影响;草地景观的视觉效果由舒适性、协调性和空间性三评价轴所构成;草地内有林地的景观类型受到很高评价,今后在草地管理上为增加草地的视觉美学价值应重点研究草地内树林的配置结构及树种构成.