城镇化水平计算方法比较分析

城镇化是社会经济发展的必然趋势，与小城镇人口、经济实力、社会发展和环境保护等方面密切相关。城镇化判别指标归纳起来分两大类：一类是单一指标法或称主要指标法；另一类是多项指标法、复合指标法或称综合指标法。在常用的、单一指标法的城镇化水平计算方法中，城镇人口比重指标法和带眷系数法两种方法能够比较准确地反映小城镇的城镇化水平，尤其以城镇人口比重指标法计算结果最符合实际。     

运用模糊数学和灰色系统理论分析评价夏播花生区试品种

运用模糊数学和灰色系统理论，对2007年河南省夏播花生区试品种进行了多因素综合评价和分析，结果表明：周花4号评价指标是0．7089，综合表现最优；其次是W9847—1—3—4—1，其综合评价指标是0．6352；豫花6号评价指标是0．3630，综合表现最差。此结果与试验地实际表现基本相一致。     

Effect of mate selection on fuzzy selective mating criteria in closed dairy multiple ovulation and embryo transfer nucleus programs

In order to control rates of response and inbreeding, mate selection using fuzzy selective mating criteria (FMC) was investigated in adult multiple ovulation and embryo transfer nucleus schemes for dairy cattle. Stochastic simulation was used to model the closed nucleus scheme. This mate selection was examined in four alternative mating and male selection schemes: (i) a hierarchical scheme; (ii) a hierarchical sibship scheme (two males per sibship); (iii) a factorial scheme (two sires per dam); and (iv) a factorial sibship scheme (two males per sibship and two sires per dam). Genetic response and inbreeding rate tended to be reduced by increasing the trade-off parameter of FMC between the expected breeding value and inbreeding of progeny. Inbreeding rates in all schemes were reduced by reducing the variance of family size through selection and the average coancestry of mating pairs through mate allocation.     

Control of the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae), in cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.

Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers, is a major dietary staple in tropical Africa where it is most often cultivated. The production is, however, greatly hampered by severe infestation and damage by insect pests including the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch. The damage and bionomics of the aphid are briefly introduced. Chemical, cultural, physical and biological methods, and use of plant resistance for A. craccivora control in cowpea are reviewed. Finally, prospects for integrated pest management are discussed     

常用软件绘制使用林地可行性报告附图方法的比较

使用林地可行性报告的附图是林业专题图类型之一。该类图纸是项目成果重要的组成部分,对文字内容具有补充和说明等作用。本文以一个简单的实例,比较了几类常用软件绘制专题图的各自特点,并简介了综合使用的方法。     

Approaches to Configuration Determinations of Flexible Marine Natural Products: Advances and Prospects

Flexible marine natural products (MNPs), such as eribulin and bryostatin, play an important role in the development of modern marine drugs. However, due to the multiple chiral centers and geometrical uncertainty of flexible systems, configuration determinations of flexible MNPs face great challenges, which, in turn, have led to obstacles in druggability research. To resolve this issue, the comprehensive use of multiple methods is necessary. Additionally, configuration assignment methods, such as X-ray single-crystal diffraction (crystalline derivatives, crystallization chaperones, and crystalline sponges), NMR-based methods (JBCA and Mosher’s method), circular dichroism-based methods (ECCD and ICD), quantum computational chemistry-based methods (NMR calculations, ECD calculations, and VCD calculations), and chemical transformation-based methods should be summarized. This paper reviews the basic principles, characteristics, and applicability of the methods mentioned above as well as application examples to broaden the research and applications of these methods and to provide a reference for the configuration determinations of flexible MNPs.     

森林生物多样性价值会计核算研究综述

森林生物多样性价值会计核算是森林生物多样性保护与可持续利用的一项重要基础性工作.文中总结了国内外森林生物多样性价值会计核算的相关研究情况及存在的问题, 以期为进一步的理论研究及实践提供条件和依据.     

鸡传染性支气管炎实验室诊断方法研究进展

传染性支气管炎是鸡的一种重大传染病,临床上无典型的病变特征,诊断较为困难。现有的实验室检测方法有血清学、病原学和分子生物学方法,但该病病原变异复杂,血清型众多,交叉免疫性低,临床上又多采用活毒进行免疫,以至实验室无法对疫苗毒和野毒进行准确区分。为了更好地控制本病,有必要根据临床特点对目前各种检测鸡传染性支气管炎的方法及其优缺点进行分析,为临床寻找一种适合的快速准确的诊断方法、制定合理的免疫程序和发展新型的诊断方法提供参考。     

夜蛾科昆虫区系研究Ⅱ.中国各省区夜蛾的分布及相似性分析

中国夜蛾共有20亚科845属3 751个有效种.这些种类有4种区系成分,其中东亚成分占优势,占总数的51.35%,东洋成分占25.51%,古北成分18.45%,广布成分仅2.27%.夜蛾在全国各省区的分布与区系结构各不相同,台湾、云南、西藏、四川、湖北、河南、湖南、浙江、新疆等是夜蛾物种丰富的省区.东亚成分在除东北、西北、华南以外的省区都是优势类群.多元相似性聚类分析结果显示,台湾和华中关系密切于华南;内蒙古和东北区的关系密切于西北;河南、湖北、陕西、甘肃、安徽、江苏6省聚为一个"秦岭淮河区",这个新分布区的特点是,东亚成分占优势;古北成分和东洋成分相等;古北东洋两界的分界线横贯全区.     

Model uncertainty in the ecosystem approach to fisheries

Fisheries scientists habitually consider uncertainty in parameter values, but often neglect uncertainty about model structure, an issue of increasing importance as ecosystem models are devised to support the move to an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). This paper sets out pragmatic approaches with which to account for uncertainties in model structure and we review current ways of dealing with this issue in fisheries and other disciplines. All involve considering a set of alternative models representing different structural assumptions, but differ in how those models are used. The models can be asked to identify bounds on possible outcomes, find management actions that will perform adequately irrespective of the true model, find management actions that best achieve one or more objectives given weights assigned to each model, or formalize hypotheses for evaluation through experimentation. Data availability is likely to limit the use of approaches that involve weighting alternative models in an ecosystem setting, and the cost of experimentation is likely to limit its use. Practical implementation of an EAF should therefore be based on management approaches that acknowledge the uncertainty inherent in model predictions and are robust to it. Model results must be presented in ways that represent the risks and trade‐offs associated with alternative actions and the degree of uncertainty in predictions. This presentation should not disguise the fact that, in many cases, estimates of model uncertainty may be based on subjective criteria. The problem of model uncertainty is far from unique to fisheries, and a dialogue among fisheries modellers and modellers from other scientific communities will therefore be helpful.