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1.
Abstract. Soil samples from a 32-year grassland field experiment were taken from 0–5, 5–10, and 10–15 cm soil depths in February 2002. Plots received annual treatments of unamended control, mineral fertilizer, three rates of pig slurry and three rates of cow slurry, each with six replicates. Samples were analysed for cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable cations (Na+ , K+ , Ca2+ , Mg2+ ), pH and Olsen P. Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) was calculated as a sodicity indicator. Mean ESP was generally greater for slurry treatments than the control, with a trend of increasing ESP with application rate. This was particularly marked for cow slurry. At 0–5 cm depth ESP increased from 1.18 in the control to 1.75 at the highest rate of pig slurry and 5.60 at the highest rate of cow slurry. Similar trends were shown for CEC, exchangeable Na+ , K+ and Mg2+ , Ca2+ and Olsen P. The build-up of soil P due to slurry applications, together with this combination of physical and chemical factors, may increase the risk of P loss to surface waters, particularly from soils receiving high rates of cow slurry. 相似文献
2.
P. Laffaille A. Acou J. Guillouët B. Mounaix A. Legault 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2006,15(4):583-588
Abstract – Changes in the numbers and size-class structure of European silver eels, Anguilla anguilla , in the River Frémur (France) were examined over a 9-year period after installation of downstream eel passes. The number of silver eels migrating downstream peaked in 1999, then decreased strongly and steadily after 2000, reaching relatively low levels. At the same time, a gradual shift in the silver eel sex ratio from a dominance of males (size from 270 to 442 mm, age from 3 to 6 years) to females (size from 366 to 1112 mm, age from 4 to 9 years) was recorded. Possible explanations for the escapement patterns observed are environmental sex determination and the installation of eel passes on the main hydraulic engineering structures in 1992 and 1996. 相似文献
3.
Effects of straw and silicon soil amendments on some foliar and stem-base diseases in pot-grown winter wheat 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Four foliar and two stem-base pathogens were inoculated onto wheat plants grown in different substrates in pot experiments. Soils from four different UK locations were each treated in three ways: (i) straw incorporated in the field at 10 t ha−1 several months previously; (ii) silicon fertilization at 100 mg L−1 during the experiment; and (iii) no amendments. A sand and vermiculite mix was used with and without silicon amendment. The silicon treatment increased plant silica concentrations in all experiments, but incorporating straw was not associated with raised plant silica concentrations. Blumeria graminis and Puccinia recondita were inoculated by shaking infected plants over the test plants, followed by suitable humid periods. The silicon treatment reduced powdery mildew ( B. graminis ) substantially in sand and vermiculite and in two of the soils, but there were no effects on the slight infection by brown rust ( P. recondita ). Phaeosphaeria nodorum and Mycosphaerella graminicola were inoculated as conidial suspensions. Leaf spot caused by P. nodorum was reduced in silicon-amended sand and vermiculite; soil was not tested. Symptoms of septoria leaf blotch caused by M. graminicola were reduced by silicon amendment in a severely infected sand and vermiculite experiment but not in soil or a slightly infected sand and vermiculite experiment. Oculimacula yallundae (eyespot) and Fusarium culmorum (brown foot rot) were inoculated as agar plugs on the stem base. Severity of O. yallundae was reduced by silicon amendment of two of the soils but not sand and vermiculite; brown foot rot symptoms caused by F. culmorum were unaffected by silicon amendment. The straw treatment reduced severity of powdery mildew but did not detectably affect the other pathogens. Both straw and silicon treatments appeared to increase plant resistance to all diseases only under high disease pressure. 相似文献
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苹果在鲜切过程中易因遭受机械损伤而引发褐变,严重影响其感官品质、风味和商品价值。采用不同浓度外源阿魏酸溶液对鲜切‘红富士’苹果进行浸泡处理,以研究其抑制鲜切苹果褐变的机制。结果表明:1、5、8、10 g/L 的阿魏酸浸泡处理均能有效抑制鲜切苹果褐变,10 g/L 阿魏酸浸泡处理10 min 对鲜切苹果褐变的抑制效果最优;10 g/L 阿魏酸处理显著提高了鲜切苹果超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基、2,2-联氨-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸(ABTS)阳离子自由基的清除率,抑制了贮藏后期多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性,降低了表儿茶素等单一酚的含量,提高了对香豆酸的含量;添加5 mg/mL 表儿茶素会促进苹果浆液褐变,而添加5、10、20、40 mg/mL 对香豆酸均能抑制苹果浆液褐变。综上所述,外源阿魏酸处理可通过提高SOD 活性、抗氧化能力、内源褐变抑制物含量以及降低褐变底物含量来减轻鲜切苹果褐变。 相似文献
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日本的森林环境税——以高知县为例 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
主要介绍了日本引入森林环境税的背景及现状。通过高知县的事例, 进一步阐述了森林环境税引入的前因后果、课税方式、课税框架、税收用项以及存在的问题; 通过对高知县、冈山县和鸟取县3县森林环境税的比较, 分析了日本森林环境税的特点; 在此基础上分析了森林环境税对日本森林环境和林业的意义以及仍然面临的问题; 最后讨论了日本森林环境税对中国的借鉴意义以及在中国实施森林环境税的可能性。 相似文献
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Processes of collating a European fisheries database to meet the objectives of the European Union Water Framework Directive 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
U. BEIER & E. DEGERMAN A. MELCHER C. ROGERS H. WIRLÖF 《Fisheries Management and Ecology》2007,14(6):407-416
Abstract FIsh Database of European Streams, a common database for the FAME project, was merged using existing data on electric fishing and environmental data. FIsh Database of European Stream is a relational database with eight tables. Metrics based on classification of fish species into guilds were calculated, and provided in separate tables. FIsh Database of European Stream contained information about 150 freshwater fish species, from 12 countries, 17 ecoregions, 40 main river regions, 2651 rivers and 8228 sites. Examples of data coverage and use are given. Relationships between environmental variables were illustrated using principal component analysis, which resulted in three environmental components – latitude, size and altitude. Environmental component scores were correlated with fish metrics used in the European Fish Index. Results exemplify how fish guilds reflect gradients in environmental variation. Benefits and problems concerning standardisation and data availability at the global level are discussed. 相似文献
10.
水环境承载力是衡量河段能够容纳污水及污染物最大能力的重要指标.应用一维水质模型,计算黄河宁夏段水环境承载力,结果表明:以《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅲ类水体标准计,黄河宁夏段化学需氧量(CODCr)的容量为562.0~716.0 t/d,氨氮(NH3-N)的容量为28.2~32.0 t/d.该计算结果为控制黄河宁夏段污染物排放总量提供了可靠依据. 相似文献