气相色谱法测定咸鱼中的敌百虫和敌敌畏

建立了咸鱼中敌百虫、敌敌畏农药残留的气相色谱分析方法。样品采用乙腈-水(1 1)溶液提取,加乙酸锌净化,用乙酸乙酯进行液液分配,最后采用DB-1701P或DB-5毛细管柱分离,使用气相色谱-火焰光度检测器分析。在4个添加水平的敌百虫、敌敌畏平均回收率(n=6)分别为91%~95%、90%~94.5%,相对标准偏差分别为3.82%~5.80%和3.57%~4.62%;方法的检出限为:敌百虫0.005 mg/kg,敌敌畏0.005 mg/kg。该方法可用于市场上咸鱼样品中敌百虫、敌敌畏的测定。     

海南豇豆蚜对敌敌畏、三氟氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷和氰戊菊酯的敏感性测定

就海南省崖城、金江、通什和两院地区豇豆上的豇豆蚜对敌敌畏、三氟氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷和氰戊菊酯的敏感性进行了初步调查与研究。试验结果表明,不同地区豇豆蚜对敌敌畏、三氟氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷和氰戊菊酯的敏感性存在明显差异。崖城和金江两地区豇豆蚜种群对三氟氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷、氰戊菊酯和DDV均表现出较强的抗药性。以两院地区豇豆蚜作为敏感品系,崖城和金江两地区豇豆蚜种群对三氟氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷、氰戊菊酯、DDV的LC50抗性比值分别为21.86倍、22.78倍、17.88倍、13.49倍和10.91倍、12.59倍、11.47倍和13.49倍。通什地区的豇豆蚜对三氟氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷、氰戊菊酯和DDV的抗性也有一定的提高,与两院种群LC50抗性比值分别为1.58倍、12.27倍、4.45倍和2.28倍。而且崖城、金江和通什地区豇豆蚜种群对三氟氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷、氰戊菊酯和DDV抗性种群的异质性很强。     

木霉菌REMI突变菌株在降解敌敌畏中的作用

本研究对木霉菌T30野生株和限制性内切酶介导的DNA整合技术(REMI)构建的突变株进行降解敌敌畏能力和最佳条件的研究。结果表明,野生株和几个REMI突变株均能降解有机磷农药敌敌畏,但以突变株TK-3降解活性最高,其降解效率达98％。TK-3突变株降解有机磷农药效率取决于葡萄糖剂量、敌敌畏初始浓度、初始pH等。突变株降解敌敌畏的葡萄糖最佳浓度为1 000 μg/mL,最适pH为7.0,敌敌畏浓度500 μg/mL。敌敌畏浓度超过1 000 μg/mL则会抑制木霉菌降解能力。     

家蝇（Musca domestica Vicina L.）头部乙酰胆碱酯酶检测农药残留最佳条件研究

系统研究了敏感家蝇Musca domestica Vicina L.羽化后不同天数其头部乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的比活力、敏感度以及酶源蛋白质含量的变化;缓冲液pH值对家蝇头部AChE比活力的影响。结果表明:家蝇初羽化至羽化后第15 d,其头部AChE的比活力逐渐升高 ,而酶源蛋白质的含量逐渐下降(187.022 2±9.021 3~83.022 2±7.111 1 μg/头)。羽化后2~4 d,其头部AChE的敏感度最高;初羽化和羽化后第15 d,敌敌畏的I50分别是羽化后第3 d的1.4倍和2.1倍。在一定的pH值范围内(6.6~8.0),家蝇头部AChE的比活力随缓冲液pH值的升高而增大。本研究为利用家蝇头部AChE检测有机磷残留量探索了最佳条件。     

气相色谱法测定水产品中敌百虫、敌敌畏残留量

通过对色谱条件和样品前处理方法的研究比较,建立了水产品中敌百虫、敌敌畏残留量测定的气相色谱法。样品用丙酮-水溶液(2+1,v/v)提取,乙酸锌去脂,活性碳脱色,二氯甲烷萃取,浓缩后用气相色谱-火焰光度检测器(GC-FPD)测定。敌百虫在0.1~20μg/mL、敌敌畏在0.025~5μg/mL内线性关系良好(r²≥0.9995);0.01~4mg/kg添加浓度水平的回收率在74.8%~106.8%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.12%~13.7%;敌百虫的定量限为0.04mg/kg、敌敌畏的定量限为0.01mg/kg。该方法操作简捷,准确可靠,能满足水产品中敌百虫、敌敌畏残留的检测要求。     

脉冲负压处理对黄瓜敌敌畏农药残留脱除效果的影响

采用脉冲负压处理技术,以黄瓜中敌敌畏农药残留为研究对象,探究负压强度、温度以及处理时间对黄瓜中敌敌畏农药残留脱除效果的影响,确定最佳脱除条件;利用高效液相色谱探寻黄瓜中敌敌畏农药残留的检测方法。结果表明：黄瓜敌敌畏农药脱除的最佳处理条件为：脉冲负压强度96 kPa,温度35℃,处理时间30 min;该条件下,黄瓜中的敌...     

基于激光诱导荧光高光谱技术无损检测脐橙表面敌敌畏残留

常规化学方法检测农药残留不仅对样品具有破坏性,而且费时费力。本文以激光诱导荧光结合高光谱图像技术为手段,对脐橙表面的敌敌畏农药残留进行光谱无损检测;实验方法是在脐橙表面,喷施用自来水配制的不同浓度的敌敌畏农药溶液,在实验室条件下风干后,采集激光诱导荧光高光谱图像,再用气相色谱法检测脐橙表面的农药残留量,应用偏最小二乘(Partial least squares,PLS)方法建立农药残留的预测模型,并找出最佳光谱区间,然后应用支持向量机(Support vectormachine,SVM)方法在最佳光谱区间的基础上建立农药残留的预测模型;所建模型结果其预测集样品的农药残留量实测值(0.4862~10.3791mg/kg)和预测值之间的相关系数为0.8101;实验结果说明,以激光诱导荧光结合高光谱技术为手段的无损检测技术,在检测脐橙农药残留方面是有可行性的。     

敌敌畏在桑叶中的残留动态研究

【目的】研究敌敌畏在桑叶中的残留消解动态及对家蚕的毒性,为蚕业生产中的采叶安全期提供科学依据。【方法】将80%敌敌畏乳油按1 500 g/hm2喷施桑树后,于施药后2 h及1,2,3,4,5,6,7,10 d采样,用气相色谱仪检测桑叶中敌敌畏的残留量,对敌敌畏在桑叶中的残留动态进行分析;以施药后不同间隔期的桑叶饲喂3龄起蚕,观察统计家蚕中毒死亡情况。【结果】随施药后采样间隔期的延长,桑叶中敌敌畏的残留量逐渐减少,桑叶引起的家蚕校正死亡率迅速降低;桑叶中敌敌畏的消解动态符合一级动力学方程,半衰期为0.99 d;以喷施敌敌畏后不同间隔期采摘的桑叶饲喂3龄起蚕,自第5天起无家蚕死亡现象。【结论】敌敌畏在桑叶中较容易降解,建议生产上使用80%敌敌畏乳油按1 500 g/hm2喷施桑树后,对家蚕的安全采摘期为5 d以上。     

Obidoxime reactivation of organophosphate-inhibited cholinesterase activity in pigs

The ability of obidoxime to reactivate organophosphate-inhibited cholinesterases was studied in pigs treated with either trichlorfon, dichlorvos or coumaphos. In 6 pigs Cholinesterase activity was measured in the blood samples both before and after in vitro reactivation with obidoxime. Three pigs were treated with obidoxime 6 h after administration of the organophosphates in order to study the possibility of in vivo reactivation.The results show a close correlation between the ability of obidoxime to reactivate the inhibited cholinesterases in vitro and in vivo. However, there was a marked difference in the possibility of reactivation between the 3 organophosphates. Thus no reactivation was possible after treatment with dichlorvos, while reactivation could be achieved for at least 6 h after administration of trichlorfon. After coumaphos treatment reactivation with obidoxime was possible for more than 24 h.     

Organophosphate poisoning of Atlantic salmon in connection with treatment against salmon lice

Three incidents with high mortality in Atlantic salmon after trichlorfon treatment against salmon lice are described. All 3 incidents occurred at water temperatures of 12 degrees C or higher. The mean brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of dead fish was less than 20% of normal activity, while survivors showed mean activities of 22-61% of normal levels. Dichlorvos residues in muscular and liver tissues ranged from nondetectable levels to 0.2 micrograms/g tissue. The strongest inhibition of brain AChE was found in association with the highest dichlorvos residues. Substantial AChE-inhibition was, however, also found in samples in which dichlorvos residues could not be detected. AChE-determination was found to be more reliable than residue analysis for the diagnosis of organophosphate poisoning in salmon.