长株潭地区5种母质发育水稻土锌和铜及镍元素剖面分布特征

以长株潭地区5种母质发育的水稻土,即河沙泥、红黄泥、黄泥田、麻沙泥和紫泥田为研究对象,按土壤系统分类原则挖掘典型剖面24个及剖面土样137个,分析测定了土壤全量和有效态铜、锌、镍含量以及土壤pH值、颗粒分级组成、有机质、游离氧化铁含量,研究水稻土铜、锌、镍元素的剖面分布特征以及与土壤理化性质之间的关系。结果表明:剖面各层土壤全铜、全锌含量平均值随剖面加深逐渐降低,耕作层、犁底层、底土层全铜含量分别为26.82、21.54、18.54 mg/kg,全锌含量分别为75.84、66.00、63.19 mg/kg,全镍含量分别为18.40、17.50、18.23 mg/kg;土壤铜、锌、镍有效态含量平均值随剖面加深均逐渐降低,耕作层、犁底层、底土层有效铜含量分别为4.04、2.99、1.29 mg/kg,有效锌含量分别为4.77、2.76、1.14 mg/kg,有效镍含量分别为0.54、0.44、0.23mg/kg;黄泥田的全量和有效态铜、锌、镍含量均较高,麻沙泥的较低;土壤有机质含量是决定土壤有效态铜、锌、镍含量的主要因子,土壤游离氧化铁含量是决定土壤全铜、全镍含量的主要因子,全锌含量与土壤pH值、颗粒分级组成、有机质、游离氧化铁含量均无显著相关性。总体上,长株潭地区水稻土0～25 cm土体以及部分剖面土壤全层有效态铜和锌含量高于临界值(铜1.5 mg/kg、锌0.5 mg/kg),呈盈余状态,可满足浅根或中根作物对铜、锌的需求。     

镉处理对大豆生物量及镉分布状况的影响

通过对红壤和河潮土2种土壤的加Cd^2＋盆栽试验，研究了添加不同外源Cd^2＋（0．00，0．25，0．50，2．50，5．00，10．0，20．0mg／kg）对大豆生长发育及镉分布状况的影响．结果表明，（1）2种土壤加Cd^2＋处理，对大豆株高具有抑制作用，河潮土加Cd^2＋处理，大豆生物产量及籽粒产量均以添加0．25mg／kg时最高，添加Cd^2＋≥0．50mg／kg时则表现为抑制作用；红壤加Cd^2＋处理，对大豆生物产量有抑制作用，但添加0．25mg／kg时可促进籽粒的发育．（2）红壤加Cd^2＋处理对大豆营养生长及生殖生长的胁迫作用大于添加相同Cd^2＋处理的河潮土，红壤添加Cd^2＋2．50mg／kg时，大豆株高、生物产量及荚果数等均显著低于对照，而河潮土加Cd^2＋量则为10．0mg／kg，表明红壤对镉污染的环境容量比河潮土低．（3）大豆幼苗期根部Cd^2＋含量高于地上部，而Cd^2＋积累量则受生物产量的影响．在Cd^2＋添加量相同的条件下，河潮土大豆地上部生物产量高于红壤，地上部Cd^2＋积累量及转运率也高于红壤，河潮土Cd^2＋的转运率为50．3％～80．4％，红壤则为45．5％～66．0％．大豆吸收转运到地上部的Cd^2＋主要分布在茎和叶中，荚壳和籽粒中相对较少，大豆地上部各器官中Cd^2＋含量的高低依次为茎、叶、荚壳、籽粒．     

长江冲积平原县域气候与气候生产力变化分析——以湖北嘉鱼县为例

根据嘉鱼县1957-2012年的气象资料,利用Thomthwaite Memoria模型,分析了气候变化对该县气候生产力的影响情况。结果表明:(1)近56年嘉鱼县气候经历了冷干-冷湿-暖湿的转变,年均温为17.22℃,年均降水量为1399.9mm,分别以0.221℃/10a和10.961mm/10a的速率呈波动上升趋势。(2)近56年嘉鱼县四季气温均呈上升趋势,其中春季增温速率最快,夏季增温速率最慢;四季降水变化表现为:春秋两季减少,夏冬两季分别以19.333mm/10a和6.810mm/10a的速度递增。总体来看,嘉鱼县气候有暖湿化趋势。(3)未来不同情境气候分析发现:"暖湿型"气候背景下气候生产力最优,平均增幅5.34%-15.68%,"冷干型"气候背景下气候生产力最差,平均减幅5.48%-17.05%。目前,嘉鱼县"暖湿化"气候环境对气候生产力是有利的。     

Traditional soil and land appraisal on fadama lands in northeast Nigeria

Abstract. As part of a study of recession farming on the 'fadama' lands on a segment of the Komadugu-Yobe floodplain, a survey was carried out to investigate the local farmers' perception of soil types and management practices. The farmers are clearly aware of the differences in soil type on the fadama and they possess unique skills in managing their farm lands. The farmers classify fadama soils for recession farming by assessing soil texture and soil drainage conditions by feel and observation. Integrating such local knowledge into soil surveys will lead to better practical definition of mapping units and give soil names that have more meaning for the farmers.     

增效磷肥对花生生长、产量和磷利用率的影响

采用大田试验,在正阳县酸性砂姜黑土和清丰县石灰性砂质潮土区,研究了磷肥与不同增效剂（腐殖酸、 复合氨基酸和草酸）配施对花生生长、产量及磷肥利用率的影响。结果表明,85%常规施磷与腐殖酸、氨基酸和草 酸配施对花生产量的作用效果受土壤类型影响,砂姜黑土区,分别比85%常规施磷增产8.82%、4.66%和-1.68%,砂 质潮土区分别比85%常规施磷增产8.40%、3.18%和12.08%,砂姜黑土区和砂质潮土区分别以85%常规施磷+腐植 酸和85%常规施磷+草酸处理对花生生长和增产的促进效果最好。施磷增效剂也提高了花生磷积累量和磷肥利用 率,其原因在于磷增效剂促进了土壤难溶性磷组分转化为活性较高磷组分,与85%常规施磷相比,砂姜黑土区85% 常规施磷+腐植酸和砂质潮土区85%常规施磷+草酸处理的花生磷积累总量分别显著增加26.31%和22.89%,磷肥 表观利用率分别提高7.74%和4.99%,磷肥农学效率分别提高5.54 g/kg和5.39 g/kg。因此,酸性砂姜黑土区磷肥减 量15%配施腐殖酸,石灰性砂质潮土区磷肥减量15%配施草酸,可提高磷肥利用率,确保花生不减产,实现磷肥减 量增效目标。     

制种玉米连作恒量施磷对灌漠土与潮土中磷素利用的影响

[目的]研究恒量外源磷施用对玉米种子生产的影响,为合理施磷提供依据。[方法]通过大田定位与实验室分析相结合,选用河西走廊石灰性潮土及灌漠土定位施肥。[结果]制种玉米连作8a,恒量磷二铵525kg/(hm^2·a)施用,除无机态二钙磷(Ca_2-P)外,2种不同土类总磷(T-P)、速效性磷(Av-P)、总无机磷(T-IP)、总有机磷(T-OP),以及其他各分级无机、有机磷组分均显著增加。无机磷占全磷总量65.2%~70.2%,有机磷占全磷总量6.5%~11.4%。无机磷中十钙磷(Ca₁₀-P)>八钙磷(Ca8-P)>铝磷(Al-P)>铁磷(Fe-P)>闭蓄态磷(O-P)。有机磷中活性有机磷(MLO-P)>高稳性(HRO-P)>中稳性有机磷(MROP)>活性有机磷(LO-P)。随连作年限增加,灌漠土Ca₁₀-P在连作第5a达到最大,Al-P,O-P均持续增加;潮土Ca₁₀-P持续增加,Fe-P,O-P在连作第5a达到最大,磷增加量为3.94%~37.28%。0—60cm土层,两种土类无机磷各组分含量均呈现由表层至下层递减特点,但不同分级磷在不同土层所占比例不同,Ca₁₀-P,Al-P,O-P,MRO-P底聚,Ca_2-P,HRO-P表聚,制种玉米连作生产8a,磷肥最大表观利用率为4.89%,磷素活化系数<2%,外源磷肥以174.3kg/(hm^2·a)残余在土壤中。[结论]制种玉米连作,总磷转化率低,磷素移动缓慢,大部分以溶解性较低的磷素形态在土壤表层积累,但随连作年限增加,土壤对磷素的固持及转化率下降,表现底聚趋势,对生态环境健康存在极大风险,应减量或停止施磷。潮土磷肥施用应采取更加合理措施。     

和田河肖塔站水沙特性及水位流量关系的初步研究

和田河属冲积性多泥沙游荡型河流，汛期洪峰与沙峰的暴涨猛落和单一的河床边界组成条件，造成河道水位同流量关系的复杂性和不定性。本文通过对肖塔站三十三年水文系列资料统计分析表明，在时空变化上，和田河河床冲淤变形呈缓慢堆积抬升之势。在论述水位流量关系上，引用相关分析法，根据同流量不同水位出现的不同机率，确定三组相关线，从而较好地阐述了水位同流量的数值对应关系，对今后研究水文数值预报和制定防洪风险留具有一定可借鉴性。     

三种网格的农田防护林防止土壤风蚀的效应研究

在山东省夏津县黄河故道冲积沙地建立土壤风蚀试验区,采用标尺法对3种网格的农田防护林和对照地的土壤风蚀量进行观测,测定结果表明:农田防护林网可明显减少风蚀损失,其中,130m×300m林网相对于对照减少土壤风蚀量81%,260m×300m林网相对于对照减少78%,300m×400m林网相对于对照减少75%,即随着网格面积的增加对风蚀量的影响越来越小。同时,土壤风蚀程度与测定期间日平均风速>4 m/s的出现频率有密切关系,土壤风蚀量与风速之间的最佳拟合关系为幂函数关系,二者之间呈正相关关系,相关系数在0.95以上。黄河故道冲积沙地农田防护林网对5.0~5.9 m/s范围内的风速引起的土壤风蚀防治效果最好。     

First data on the coastal dynamics and the sedimentary characteristics of the area influenced by the River Irminio basin (SE Sicily)

The various lithological outcrops in the drainage basin of the River Irminio are described for their contribution to the riverborne material and therefore to the sedimentary balance of the coastal strip. The main contribution to the present sedimentary balance of the subaqueous delta cannot be attributed to the River Irminio, owing to the extreme difference between fluvial and marine sediments. The river's hydraulic characteristics have not always been constant but have tended to decrease in three stages: the first, with a strong competence, shown by the Quaternary alluvial sediments with pebbles; the second, up to 1985, of medium competence, shown by sandy-gravelly deposits in the coastal strip and by finer sediments in the distal areas; the third, at the present day, with low competence, shown by a prevalently suspended load sediment with practically no fluvial influence and with a sedimentation dominated by the littoral currents; this is because between the 1960s and 1970s, owing to interventions along the river channel, the sediments from the basin were reduced to the point of non-existence and a new sedimentary cycle was set up on the delta with allochthonous sediments, exclusively made up of quartz clasts, whereas in the distal zones the mineralogical and compositional characteristics of the ancient river mouth were maintained.     

由石灰性冲积物发育而来的排水不良和排水良好的土壤中游离氧化物的分布

A study on the distribution of free iron and manganese oxides was conducted in soils developed on calcareous alluvial deposits under subhumid climatic conditions, in Western Greece. Soil samples from two well drained soils and from two poorly drained soils, classified as Alfisols, were collected and used in this study. After certification of soil homogeneity the acid ammonium oxalate and dithionite-citrate-bicaxbonate methods were used to extract free iron and manganese oxides from the samples. Iron oxides extracted by the dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate method (Fed) were significantly higher than the iron oxides extracted by the ammonium oxalate method (Feo), indicating that a considerable fraction is present in crystalline forms, independent of drainage status. A confirmation of free iron oxides and fine clay was detected. The ratios Feo/Fed and (Fed-Feo)/total Fe (Fet) could not be used to distinguish the well drained soils from the poorly drained soils. Manganese movement in a soluble form is independent of the fine clay.