Toxicity and neurophysiological effects of selected insecticides on the mole cricket, Scapteriscus vicinus (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae)

Mole crickets (Scapteriscus spp.) are severe subterranean pests of turfgrasses, commonly targeted with neurotoxic insecticides. Ideally insecticides used against mole crickets should induce quick knockdown or mortality to minimize damage caused by their tunneling. However, neurophysiological effects of insecticides on mole crickets are mostly unknown. The aims of this study were to investigate neurophysiological and toxic effects of several insecticides on tawny mole cricket (Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder) adults and nymphs, and potential synergy between pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticides. Bifenthrin, fipronil, and the combination of bifenthrin + imidacloprid provided the fastest median mortality when injected. The combination of bifenthrin + imidacloprid elicited faster toxicity than either active ingredient alone. Imidacloprid, bifenthrin, and bifenthrin + imidacloprid caused immediate knockdown, whereas fipronil immobilized mole crickets within 1-2 h. Acephate, bifenthrin, fipronil, imidacloprid, and bifenthrin + imidacloprid caused significant neuroexcitation. Bifenthrin + imidacloprid resulted in greater increases of spontaneous neural activity than the additive effects of imidacloprid and bifenthrin alone. Excitatory compounds acting at sodium and chloride channels (bifenthrin and fipronil) were the most toxic against S. vicinus. Combining a sodium channel toxin (bifenthrin) and a synaptic toxin (imidacloprid) led to greater than additive neurophysiological and toxic effects, which to our knowledge provides the first documented evidence of synergistic neurological “potentiation”.     

Practical capability of a DNA pool‐based genome‐wide association study using BovineSNP50 array in a cattle population

Genome‐wide association mapping for complex traits in cattle populations is a powerful, but expensive, selection tool. The DNA pooling technique can potentially reduce the cost of genome‐wide association studies. However, in DNA pooling design, the additional variance generated by pooling‐specific errors must be taken into account. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate factors such as: (i) the accuracy of allele frequency estimation; (ii) the magnitude of errors in pooling construction and in the array; and (iii) the effect of the number of replicate arrays on P‐values estimated by a genome‐wide association study. Results showed that the Illumina correction method is the most effective method to correct the allele frequency estimation; pooling errors, especially array variance, should be taken into account in DNA pooling design; and the risk of a type I error can be reduced by using at least two replicate arrays. These results indicate the practical capability and cost‐effectiveness of pool‐based genome‐wide association studies using the BovineSNP50 array in a cattle population.     

副猪嗜血杆菌感染豚鼠试验及在其体内的分布

为了评估副猪嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus parasuis)对豚鼠的毒力以及在豚鼠组织器官的分布,作者采用改进的寇氏法测定了H.parasuis血清5型标准株对豚鼠的LD50,以1 LD50剂量经鼻腔、气管、肺、腹腔、肌肉和皮下接种感染豚鼠,比较不同途径感染H.parasuis对豚鼠致病性的差异;以1 LD50剂量气管接种豚鼠,接种后在不同时间取豚鼠的脑、心、肝、肺、脾和肾组织,制作石蜡切片,用免疫组化技术检测H.parasuis在豚鼠上述组织的分布.结果显示该H.parasuis血清5型标准株的LD50为1.33×109 CFU,LD50的95%可信限范围为1.35×109～1.30×109 CFU;感染试验结果显示,气管、肺和腹腔3个接种途径试验组豚鼠出现了4/8、2/8和5/8的死亡;在气管感染豚鼠6 h后,首先在肺脏组织呈现阳性结果,在感染8 h后,上述组织中都出现了阳性结果.结果表明气管、肺、腹腔和肌肉4个途径都可以使H.parasuis对豚鼠致病,免疫组化检测并结合细菌分离结果表明H.parasuis感染后能侵染肺、心、肝、脾和肾组织,并能突破血一脑屏障而侵染脑组织.     

几种农药对桑椹小粒性菌核病的防治效果试验

桑椹菌核病是果用桑树的重要病害,为高效、安全控制该病对桑果生产的危害,进行了大田农药防治筛选试验。结果表明,70%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂500倍液、50%多菌灵-硫磺粉剂500倍液和1 000倍液对桑椹小粒性菌核病具有较好的防治效果,且对桑叶和桑椹无明显药害;70%甲基托布津粉剂1 000倍液、25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油1 500倍和3 000倍液以及40%嘧霉胺粉剂1 000倍液也有一定的防治效果。     

十种禾草耐寒性的比较研究

通过对十种禾草半致死温度与越冬率的测定,利用最长距离聚类分析方法对其耐寒性进行了综合分析.结果表明,在北京地区耐寒性较强的禾草是草地雀麦、无芒雀麦、苇状羊茅、沙生冰草、长穗偃麦草和猫尾草,耐寒性中等的是紫羊茅、蓝茎冰草和鸭茅,耐寒性最弱的禾草为草芦.     

Genomewide association for a dominant pigmentation gene in sheep

Most published genomewide association studies (GWAS) in sheep have investigated recessively inherited monogenic traits. The objective here was to assess the feasibility of performing GWAS for a dominant trait for which the genetic basis was already known. A total of 42 Manchega and Rasa Aragonesa sheep that segregate solid black or white coat pigmentation were genotyped using the SNP50 BeadChip. Previous analysis in Manchegas demonstrated a complete association between the pigmentation trait and alleles of the MC1R gene, setting an a priori expectation for GWAS. Multiple methods were used to identify and quantify the strength of population substructure between black and white animals, before allelic association testing was performed for 49 034 SNPs. Following correction for substructure, GWAS identified the most strongly associated SNP (s26449) was also the closest to the MC1R gene. The finding was strongly supported by the permutation tree‐based random forest (RF) analysis. Importantly, GWAS identified unlinked SNP with only slightly lower p‐values than for s26449. Random forest analysis indicated these were false positives, suggesting interpretation based on both approaches was beneficial. The results indicate that a combined analytical approach can be successful in studies where a modest number of animals are available and substantial population stratification exists.     

乙型脑炎病毒荧光定量PCR的建立及对病毒体外复制动态的研究

根据乙型脑炎病毒(JEV)NS3基因保守序列设计并合成一对引物,以构建的重组质粒作为阳性标准品,建立了一种敏感、特异、重复性好的快速检测JEV的SYBR Green I荧光定量PCR方法.该方法在1.92×108～1.92×101拷贝/μL范围内具有良好的线性关系,可检测到初始模板中19拷贝/μL的病毒核酸,敏感性是常规RT-PCR方法的10倍;检测时间缩短了50％,该方法不与其它猪源病毒发生交叉反应;在重复性试验中,批间、批内变异系数均小于1.2％.应用本方法对JEV在BHK-21细胞上繁殖滴度进行定量检测,绘制JEV在BHK-21细胞上的一步生长曲线,并与TCID50方法绘制的复制动态曲线进行比较.结果显示,两种方法测定的JEV在BHK-21细胞上的复制动态具有一定的平行关系,对于制备灭活疫苗而言,荧光定量PCR方法更快速和敏感,所测得的抗原含量更精确,有利于企业机动灵活地安排生产.     

用微量细胞培养ELISA测定HCLV TCID_(50)

应用猪瘟兔化弱毒制备的猪瘟兔化疫苗常因为剂量不足而引起免疫失败。究其原因主要是因为兔检(RID)合格的猪瘟兔化苗批间差异较大,质量不稳定。为此建立微量细胞培养ELISA用以测定HCLV TCID50,并获得成功,可以替代RID测毒。     

猪轮状病毒四川株的分离鉴定及增殖规律

为了解猪轮状病毒（PoRV）在MARC-145细胞系上的培养特性及增殖规律,本试验利用MARC-145细胞,从四川仔猪腹泻样品中分离到1株PoRV,并通过PCR检测、病毒理化实验与微量中和实验证实,命名为SC-R株。用含不同浓度胰酶营养液培养SC-R株48h后,分别收集病毒液进行定量分析;同时,以SC-R分离株感染MARC-145细胞,在感染后不同时间分别收集感染病毒液,利用PoRV荧光定量检测方法对不同样品中病毒RNA进行定量分析,绘制PoRV生长曲线。结果表明,用含3％胰酶营养液培养的细胞液中PoRV的RNA含量明显高于其他组;-步生长曲线显示细胞外病毒RNA含量呈“s型”曲线增长,感染后0～8h为潜伏期,病毒RNA含量维持在较低水平;8～36h为突破期,病毒RNA含量呈对数增长;感染48h增长速度减缓,维持在较高水平,逐步进入稳定期。胰酶可增加PoRV对细胞的感染性,3％是本试验最为适用的胰酶浓度;PoRV感染MARC-145后在细胞内增殖并逐步释到细胞外。     

猪链球菌耐药性产生对其毒力的影响

为探讨猪链球菌2型菌株耐药性产生对其毒力的影响,作者采用次抑菌浓度的青霉素和红霉素诱导猪链球菌2型临床分离敏感株HA9801成为青霉素、红霉素耐药株,并对亲本株与诱导耐药株的半数致死量（LD50）、溶血环、毒力因子溶菌酶释放蛋白（MRP）、胞外蛋白因子（EF）和荚膜多糖（CPS）及对小鼠的组织损伤进行比较。结果显示：次抑菌浓度的红霉素和青霉素可以诱导耐药性的产生,但耐药株与亲本株比较,溶血性、LD50、MRP、CPS、EF及对组织的损伤程度均与亲本株无显著差异（P〈0．05）。结果表明：猪链球菌2型HA9801株在获得耐药性的同时,仍能保持与亲本株相似的毒力,其毒力不会因耐药性的获得而降低。