Acoustic evaluation of the vertical distribution of dwarf ayu Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis in Lake Biwa

SUMMARY: The vertical distribution of dwarf ayu Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis in the pelagic waters of Lake Biwa was evaluated from June to September in 1995–97 from eight acoustic surveys using a quantitative echosounder. In each survey, echoes from a depth range of 3 m to the sea bottom were collected at a station every 2.7 s for 24 h together with measurements of vertical profiles of water temperature and chlorophyll-a. The ayu's echoes were identified using an underwater video camera. The ayu were observed near the maximum chlorophyll-a depth and above the thermocline. Their density was highest at depths of 4–11 m with 2–4 individuals/m ³ and was almost zero below 20 m. Echo signs were recorded as having a frequent duration of more than 1 h at night, whereas were of a shorter duration in the day. The fish stay in the epilimnion during the day without any clear vertical migration, but are distributed more uniformly at night. The advantages of remaining in the epilimnion are discussed in terms of food availability and predator avoidance.     

Die Wurzelentwicklung von Zuckerrübenpflanzen auf einem Sandlöß-Standort und ihre Bedeutung für die Stickstoffernährung

Root development of sugar beet plants on a sandy loess site with regard to nitrogen nutrition.
Root development of sugar beet plants in a sandy loess soil (Haplic Phaeozem) was observed from the early seedling stage up to harvest by measuring at first the greatest vertical and lateral extension of the root systems of single plants and later the rooting density of the whole plant stands (auger method, profile wall method).
During the seedling stage not only the subsoil, but also large parts of the topsoil between the plants remained unoccupied by the root systems. In this phase the greatest lateral extension of single roots reaches nearly the length of the greatest leaf of the plant. With the closure of the canopy the rooting density in the topsoil accounts to 1–2 cm cm⁻³.
In summer roots penetrate to a depth of 100–150 cm with rooting densities of 0.1 to 1 cm - cm⁻³. Thus, the plants gain not only access to water reserves, but sometimes meet remarkable amounts of nitrate which under the relatively dry conditions of the region tends to accumulate in 60–120 cm depth and – when taken up by the beet plants in the late stage of growth – affects crop quality negatively.     

In situ radiometric mapping of soil erosion and field-moist bulk density on cultivated fields

Abstract. Recent developments in in situγ ray spectrometry offer a new approach to measuring the activity of radionuclides such as ¹³⁷Cs and ⁴⁰K in soils, and thus estimating erosion or deposition rates and field moist bulk density (ρ_m). Such estimates would be rapid and involve minimal site disturbance, especially important where archaeological remains are present. This paper presents the results of a pilot investigation of an eroded field in Scotland in which a portable hyper pure germanium (HPGe) detector was used to measure γ ray spectra in situ. The gamma (γ) photon flux observed at the soil surface is a function of the ¹³⁷Cs inventory, its depth distribution characteristics and ρ_m. A coefficient, Q_Cs, derived from the forward scattering of ¹³⁷Cs γ ray photons within the soil profile relative to the ¹³⁷Cs full energy peak (662 keV), was used to correct the in situ calibration for changes in the ¹³⁷Cs vertical distribution in the ploughed field, a function of tillage, soil accumulation and ρ_m. Based on only 8 measurements, the agreement between in situγ ray spectrometry and soil sample measurements of ¹³⁷Cs inventories improved from a non significant r²=0.05 to a significant r²=0.62 (P<0.05). Erosion and deposition rates calculated from the corrected in situ¹³⁷Cs measurements had a similarly good agreement with those calculated from soil cores. Mean soil bulk density was also calculated using a separate coefficient, Q_K, derived from the forward scattering γ photons from ⁴⁰K within the soil relative to the ⁴⁰K full energy peak (1460 keV). Again there was good agreement with soil core measurements (r²=0.64; P<0.05). The precision of the in situ¹³⁷Cs measurement was limited by the precision with which Q_Cs can be estimated, a function of the low ¹³⁷Cs deposition levels associated with the weapons testing fallout and relatively low detector efficiency (35%). In contrast, the precision of the in situ ρ_m determination was only limited by the spatial variability associated with soil sampling.     

不同区域及栽培密度下耐密植芝麻新品种豫黑芝1号产量及产量相关性状变化分析

芝麻是我国重要的特色优质油料作物。提高芝麻单产水平是实现我国粮油安全生产的重要举措。为建立芝麻高产高效栽培模式,本研究以耐密植黑芝麻新品种豫黑芝1号为试验材料,在3个产区(漯河、信阳和三门峡),开展了不同栽培密度(12万株/hm2、15万株/hm2、18万株/hm2、21万株/hm2)下豫黑芝1号产量及产量相关性状变化分析。结果显示,豫黑芝1号在不同产区的生育期差异明显;种植密度对豫黑芝1号的株高、有效果节数、主茎果轴长、单株蒴果数、千粒重和单株产量等性状变化程度不同;对小区产量及单株产量影响显著。在21万株/hm2密度下,豫黑芝1号单产水平最高达到1463.33 kg/hm2(三门峡)。研究为芝麻高产高效生产提供了技术支持。     

Effect of bulk density and soil water tension on denitrification in the rhizosphere of spring wheat (Triticum vulgare

Summary Pot experiments were carried out to study the influence of bulk density (D _b), soil water tension (pF) and presence of plants (spring wheat) on denitrification in a low-humus B_t-horizon of a udalf. Pots of only 5-cm depth were found to be most suitable for the experiments when using the acetylene inhibition method. Almost homogeneous soil compaction between 1.1 and 1.6g soil cm^–3 was achieved by a Proctor tamper. Water tensions were adjusted by means of ceramic plates on which negative pressure was applied. No denitrification was detected in unplanted pots. With planted pots and increasing bulk density denitrification increased more in pots with 14-day-old plants than in pots with 7-day-old plants. With 14-day-old plants N₂O emission pot^–1 increased steadily from 2 mol at D _b 1.1 to 8 mol at D _b 1.6, when soil moisture was adjusted to pF 1.5, although root growth was impaired by higher bulk density. From an experiment with different bulk densities and water tensions it could be deduced that the air-filled porosity ultimately determined the rate of denitrification. When low water tension was applied for a longer period, water tension had an overriding effect on total denitrification. Denitrification intensity, however, i.e. the amount of N₂O g^–1 root fresh weight, was highest when low water tension was accompanied by high bulk density. The results suggest that the increase in denitrification intensity at oxygen stress is partly due to higher root exudation.     

Diatomaceous earth foliar spraying along with adjuvants in pistachio orchards associated with the common pistachio psylla,Agonoscena pistaciae

The common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae, is a serious global pest menacing pistachio orchards. Considering the dangers of using excessive chemical pesticides, it seems that using natural insecticides such as diatomaceous earth is a suitable way to lower the residual amount of highly hazardous pesticides. In this study, the effects of diatomaceous earth with different additives, including dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, polyurethane glue as a wood adhesive, and potassium silicate, were investigated in several concentrations over two years in orchard conditions. Although all treatments showed significant effects, the most effective treatments were (diatomaceous earth+dipotassium hydrogen phosphate) and (diatomaceous earth+polyurethane glue). Therefore, the use of diatomaceous earth combined with the additive materials mentioned can potentially be a safe method for the integrated management of the common pistachio psylla.     

不同饲养密度对地面平养蛋鸡福利状况和生产性能的影响

试验旨在通过研究地面平养模式下不同饲养密度对蛋鸡行为、外观、血液应激指标及生产性能的影响,筛选保证蛋鸡福利状况及生产性能的最大饲养密度,为我国推广地面平养模式蛋鸡福利养殖奠定理论基础。将780只苏禽绿壳蛋鸡按舍内密度分为四组,其中地面平养分为低密度组(6只/m^2)、中密度组(8只/m^2)、高密度组(10只/m^2),笼养组为对照组,每组3个重复。试验期为18~27周龄,蛋鸡行为学数据均采用视频录像收集,在27周龄末进行翅静脉采血和福利外观评价,统计分析24~27周龄生产性能。结果显示:笼养蛋鸡的产蛋率,攻击、刻板等非福利行为均显著高于平养组(P<0.05),脚垫损伤、羽毛评分、应激激素浓度(CORT、ACTH)显著低于平养组(P<0.05)。地面平养各组间,高密度组蛋鸡料蛋比显著高于低、中密度组(P<0.05);低、中密度组蛋鸡行走和休息时间比例均显著高于高密度组(P<0.05);低密度组蛋鸡啄羽行为显著低于高密度组(P<0.05),但与中密度组差异不显著(P>0.05);低、中密度组蛋鸡脚垫损伤、背羽损伤显著低于高密度组(P<0.05);高密度组蛋鸡血清中CORT和ACTH浓度显著低于低、中密度组(P<0.05)。由此可见,平养蛋鸡比笼养蛋鸡行为表现更积极,羽毛覆盖度更好,但应激水平和足部损伤较高、生产性能较低;在试验场地模式下,推荐8只/m2为最佳饲养密度。     

天峻县北部地区畜牧业发展思考

天峻县北部地区因受气候干旱、鼠虫危害等因素的影响,畜牧业生产逐年下降,通过对存在问题的分析,提出了北部地区今后走退牧还草或休牧育草路子的设想。     

6种植密度对玉草1号产量与品质的影响

研究了种植密度对玉草1号产量、品质及植株性状的影响。结果表明,45 000与52 500株/hm2 2种密度的总鲜草产量差异不显著（分别为128 944和133 167 kg/hm2）,但二者均显著的高于密度为37 500株/hm2的总鲜草产量（117 370 kg/hm2）;但这3种密度处理的总干草产量差异不显著。分析这3种密度间各品质指标、植株性状指标总体表现,结果密度为37 500株/hm2的粗蛋白（CP）含量、CP产量、相对饲用价值（RFV）、分蘖数、总茎粗、干物率均为最高,密度为45 000株/hm2次之,处理52 500株/hm2最低;中性洗涤纤维（NDF）含量密度为37 500株/hm2最低,52 500株/hm2最高。综合产量与饲用品质比较研究表明,玉草1号种植密度为45 000株/hm2左右在我国南方最适宜。