Metabolic Profiling and In Vitro Assessment of the Biological Activities of the Ethyl Acetate Extract of Penicillium chrysogenum “Endozoic of Cliona sp. Marine Sponge” from the Red Sea (Egypt)

Marine sponge-derived endozoic fungi have been gaining increasing importance as promising sources of numerous and unique bioactive compounds. This study investigates the phytochemical profile and biological activities of the ethyl acetate extract of Penicillium chrysogenum derived from Cliona sp. sponge. Thirty-six compounds were tentatively identified from P. chrysogenum ethyl acetate extract along with the kojic acid (KA) isolation. The UPLC-ESI-MS/MS positive ionization mode was used to analyze and identify the extract constituents while 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy were used for kojic acid (KA) structure confirmation. The antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities were assessed in vitro. Both the extract and kojic acid showed potent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with MIC 250 ± 0.82 µg/mL. Interestingly, the extract showed strong antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans with MIC 93.75 ± 0.55 and 19.53 ± 0.48 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, KA showed the same potency against Fusarium oxysporum and Cryptococcus neoformans with MIC 39.06 ± 0.85 and 39.06 ± 0.98 µg/mL, respectively. Ultimately, KA showed strong antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ 33.7 ± 0.8 µg/mL. Moreover, the extract and KA showed strong cytotoxic activity against colon carcinoma (with IC₅₀ 22.6 ± 0.8 and 23.4 ± 1.4 µg/mL, respectively) and human larynx carcinoma (with equal IC₅₀ 30.8 ± 1.3 and ± 2.1 µg/mL, respectively), respectively. The current study represents the first insights into the phytochemical profile and biological properties of P. chrysoenum ethyl acetate extract, which could be a promising source of valuable secondary metabolites with potent biological potentials.     

丛枝菌根真菌对元宝枫生长及其根系形态的影响

【目的】阐明丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM）真菌对元宝枫生长状况及根系形态特性的影响,探讨元宝枫根系形态与其生长发育的关系。【方法】在元宝枫幼苗生长基质中接种摩西斗管囊霉（Funneliformis mosseae）和根内根孢囊霉（Rhizophagus intraradices）2种AM真菌,以不接种AM真菌为对照,通过盆栽试验,培养90 d后,测定元宝枫的生长状况、根系活力及根系形态指标,利用单因素方差分析和多重比较方法,分析接菌与不接菌处理之间的差异,采用envfit ()函数、冗余度分析和变差分解分析元宝枫生长状况与其他指标间的关系。【结果】①接种2种AM真菌后,元宝枫株高、地径、茎干质量和根系活力较对照显著提高,根冠比下降。根内根孢囊霉对元宝枫的促生作用比摩西斗管囊霉显著。②与对照相比,接种2种AM真菌后,元宝枫根表面积和根体积显著增大,粗根根长占总根长的比例增加,细根根长占总根长的比例显著降低。根内根孢囊霉对元宝枫根系形态的影响比摩西斗管囊霉显著。③元宝枫生长状况与其根系活力和根系形态密切相关。【结论】接种AM真菌有助于增强元宝枫的根系活力,改善其根系形态,促使其汲取更多养分,进而提高其生物量。     

菌根真菌菌剂防治作物土传病害潜力分析

 菌根真菌(mycorrhizal fungi,MF)对植物土传病害有一定的拮抗或抑制作用,能提高植物对土传病害的抗/耐病性。MF菌剂尤其是丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)及外生菌根真菌(ectomycorrhizal fungi,ECMF)菌剂作为一种生物防治剂在生产实践中的应用也是人们关心和感兴趣的问题。本文对MF菌剂防治土传病害的可能性、MF生态生理学、MF菌剂的生产、MF菌剂应用方法以及今后努力的方向进行了系统分析,并对MF菌剂防治土传病害的潜力和应用范围进行了评价。     

宁夏白芨滩国家级自然保护区苦豆子内生真菌多样性及生态分布

为探索宁夏干旱荒漠区苦豆子（Sophora alopecuroides L.）内生真菌的多样性及区系组成,为苦豆子内生真菌的合理开发和利用提供理论依据。从宁夏白芨滩国家级自然保护区不同植被和土壤类型的6个样区采集苦豆子样品30份,采用组织匀浆法从植株的根、茎、叶和种子中分离内生真菌,根据培养性状、菌落、孢子等形态特征,结合rDNA-ITS序列分析对菌株进行鉴定;根据内生真菌的相对频率、物种多样性指数、丰富度指数和相似性系数分析其区系组成特点。结果表明,从30份样品中共分离得到内生真菌213株,分别属于19个属,其中镰刀菌属（Fusarium）、链格孢属（Alternaria）和茎点霉属（Phoma）为优势属。苦豆子内生真菌的分布具有一定的组织特异性,根部的内生真菌数量高于其他部位,茎部内生真菌多样性指数最高。植被类型中,沙生植被草原（样区Ⅴ）分离的内生真菌物种多样性指数最高,而荒漠草原（样区Ⅲ）最低。荒漠草原（样区Ⅰ）和沙生植被草原（样区Ⅴ）内生真菌群落有密切的相似性。可见,苦豆子蕴含丰富的内生真菌资源,其内生真菌具有很高的宿主特异性,且分布受生境影响。     

驱除瘤胃真菌对绵羊瘤胃内纤维物质降解的影响

选取3只体况良好,带有永久性瘤胃瘘管的蒙古羊与小尾寒羊的杂交一代公羊,运用尼龙袋法研究全部驱除瘤胃真菌对绵羊瘤胃内稻草纤维物质降解的影响.结果表明：全部驱除瘤胃厌氧真菌后,改变了瘤胃内纤维物质的降解动力学参数,显著降低了瘤胃内稻草DM、NDF、ADF的降解速率（P＜0.05）,显著提高了三者的消化延滞时间（P＜0.05）,显著降低了稻草NDF、ADF的降解率,而DM的降解率有所降低,但差异不显著（P＞0.05）.说明瘤胃真菌在纤维物质降解中发挥了重要的作用.     

五种牧草及三种草坪草种子寄藏真菌检测初探

采用PDA平皿法和滤纸法检测了市售5个牧草品种和3个草坪草品种种子样品寄藏真菌的情况,并就分离获得的真菌对种子出苗及幼苗生长的影响进行了初步研究.结果表明,供试种子样品带菌率为0～70.5%,分离获得的35个真菌分离物大多属于镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)、链格孢菌(Alternaria spp.)、蠕孢菌(Helminthosporium spp.)、小核菌(Sclerotium sp.)、匍柄霉菌(Stemphylium spp.)和曲霉菌(Aspergillus spp.).供试样品中假俭草和波多马各(鸭茅)种子带菌率较高,在PDA平皿检测中其未经表面消毒处理的种子带菌率分别为48.4%和70.5%,表面消毒处理种子带菌率分别为40.8%和28.8%,分离获得的种子寄藏真菌对假俭草和波多马各种子出苗及幼苗生长的影响较小.圣地亚哥(南苜蓿)和菊苣种子带菌率较低,但分离获得的真菌对其种子出苗和幼苗生长的影响较大.以镰刀菌与匍柄霉菌接种过的南苜蓿种子出苗率分别比未经表面消毒且未接种真菌的对照低44.0%和21.7%,出苗后的病苗率分别为22.7%和29.7%;以链格孢菌与曲霉菌接种过的菊苣种子的出苗率分别比未经表面消毒且未接种真菌的对照低22.0%和27.5%,出苗后的病苗率分别为2.3%和29.3%.     

不同储存年限老芒麦种子种带真菌检测及致病性测定

对来自青海的5个不同收获年份的老芒麦种样进行了系统的种带真菌研究;测定了12种分离率大于1%的种带真菌对老芒麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,种样发芽率为56%~80%,S₂发芽率最高,达到80%,显著高于S₁和S₅(P<0.05);种样带菌率为24%~38%,随储藏时间延长呈下降趋势,S₅带菌率最高,达到38%,显著高于其他种样(P<0.05);共鉴定出老芒麦种带真菌15属17种,真菌分离率为0.25%~8.75%,其中青霉和曲霉是老芒麦最常见的种带真菌,在5个种样上均被分离得到;燕麦镰孢、串珠镰孢、镰孢菌1、离蠕孢和德氏霉5种真菌是老芒麦最主要的致病真菌,均显著地降低了老芒麦种子的萌发、抑制了幼苗的生长、降低了幼苗的生物量(P<0.05);细交链孢对种子的萌发没有显著抑制作用(P>0.05),但是显著地降低了幼苗的长度和干物质产量(P<0.05)。皮思霉、离蠕孢、曲霉3种真菌显著延长了老芒麦种子平均萌发时间,而燕麦镰孢则显著地缩短了种子平均发芽时间(P<0.05)。     

桑树内生真菌的分离、鉴定及其多样性分析

用组织分离法从不同桑树品种的器官组织中共分离出内生真菌114株,经显微形态观察,鉴定114株内生真菌分别归属于镰孢霉属Fusarium、链格孢属Alternaria、柱霉属Scytalidium等21个属,表明桑树内生真菌具有丰富的生物多样性。不同桑树品种树体内的内生真菌分布有一定差异。同一桑树品种不同器官组织的内生真菌种类和数量差异较大,根中最多,茎中次之,叶中最少。其中:镰孢霉属为根中优势种群,链格孢属为茎、叶中的优势种群;丛梗孢属Monilia和镰孢霉属菌株在根、茎、叶中均能分离到,其它属的菌株只存在于其中的某一个或两个器官组织。研究结果有助于进一步探讨桑树内生真菌与生理活性物质的关系。     

8种豆科灌木栽培种丛枝菌根真菌种类及分布

采集人工栽培决明(Cassia tora)、假木豆(Dendrolobium triangulare)、紫穗槐(Amorpha fruticosa)、白刺花(Sophora davidii)、猪屎豆(Crotalaria pallida)、多花木蓝(Indigofera amblyantha)、木豆(Cajanus cajan)和银合欢(Leucaena leucocephala)8种豆科灌木植物根际5-10、10-20和20-30 cm 3个土层的土样,研究其根际丛枝菌根(AM)真菌的侵染率、孢子密度、种类及多样性。结果表明,8种豆科灌木植物AM真菌侵染率普遍较高,最高的为猪屎豆,80.8%;土壤速效磷含量与侵染率呈显著负相关(r=-0.733,P=0.039);根际土壤中的AM真菌孢子主要分布于5-20 cm土层,5-10 cm土层猪屎豆孢子密度最大,为115.33个·10 g-1土壤;宿主植物种类与土壤层位对孢子密度交互效应影响显著(F=100.497,P0.001);AM真菌优势种枫香球囊霉(Glomus liquidambaris)、脆无梗囊霉(Acaulospora delicate)在8种豆科灌木植物的土壤中均有分布。本研究表明,喀斯特地区适生豆科灌木植物具有丰富的AM真菌资源,今后可以在喀斯特地区开展豆科灌木植物接种优势AM真菌和根瘤菌等相关研究,这将对农牧业生产和退化生态系统修复效应的影响具有重要意义。     

Seasonal effects on the aerobic bacterial and fungal conjunctival flora of normal thoroughbred brood mares in Florida

Objective To evaluate seasonal effects on the presence or absence of fungal and aerobic bacterial flora of the conjunctival fornix of normal Florida Thoroughbred horses. Sample population Both eyes of 100 horses. Procedure Horses with normal anterior segment ophthalmic examinations from three farms in north central Florida were included. Each animal had the ventral conjunctival fornix of each eye swabbed with sterile culturettes. Samples were taken in October, January, April, and July (1999–2000). Aerobic and fungal cultures were plated. Bacterial cultures were reviewed at 24 and 48 h. Fungal cultures were reviewed weekly for 4 weeks. Logistic regression analysis with season as a factor and age of the horse as a covariate was performed. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.01. Results Horses ranged from 3 to 24 years of age, with a median age of 9 years. Twenty‐four genera of bacteria and 35 genera of fungi were recovered. Corynebacterium sp., Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp. and Moraxella sp. were the bacteria most frequently isolated. Mold species, dematiaceous mold species, Chrysosporium sp., Cladosporium sp., and Aspergillus sp. were the most frequently recovered fungi. Season did not have a significant effect on the presence of microorganisms isolated for individual horses adjusted for age. Younger horses had an increased incidence of gram‐negative rods and fungal isolates. The number of bacteria and fungi isolated are not uniform across seasons. Conclusion There were no significant differences between the number or type of organisms cultured during the sampling seasons in normal Florida horses. A large range of normal bacterial and fungal flora were isolated from these horses. The number of bacteria and fungi isolated are not uniform across seasons. The likelihood of detecting an organism depends on the horses’ age.